Howard v. Commonwealth’s Empirical Analysis
1970
Citation profile
48 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 48 later decisions — most recently July 2013 · most notably Clagett v. Commonwealth (1996), Lansdown v. Commonwealth (1983)
48 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Terry v. Ohio · Brinegar v. United States · Beck v. State of Ohio · Henry v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 48 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““When a person is observed by a law enforcement officer under suspicious circumstances he is not clothed with the right of privacy which prevents a police officer from inquiring into his identity and actions. The welfare of the public demands that a law enforcement officer use his faculties of observation and act thereon within proper limits. It is not only the right, but the duty, of a police officer to investigate suspicious conduct, and he may ‘in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for purposes of investigating possibly criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an arrest.’ ” Citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 22 .”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“an arrest is made by the actual restraint of the person of the defendant or by his submission to the custody of an officer.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““Probable cause exists where the facts and circumstances known to the officer warrant a man of reasonable caution in believing the suspect has committed an offense. Henry v. United States, supra, 361 U. S. at 102, 80 S. Ct. at 171, 4 L. Ed. 2d at 138; Brinegar v. United States, 338 U. S. 160, 175-76 , 69 S. Ct. 1302, 1310-11 , 93 L. Ed. 1879 (1949). JL Jl JL « “When the evidence shows that probable cause exists for arresting a suspect for a felony, and it is clear that evidence seized in a contemporaneous search of the suspect’s person was not necessary to establish probable cause, the search is incidental to the arrest and is valid whether it takes placé at the moment the arresting officer takes the suspect into custody or when he announces that the suspect is under arrest. Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 700 , 51 S. Ct. 240, 241 , 75 L. Ed. 629 (1931).””
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.