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2019 PA Super 237
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
v.
SHAYNE WILLIAM REED
Appellant : No. 1160 WDA 2018
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 12, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-42-CR-0000200-2017
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS, J.*
OPINION BY NICHOLS, J.: FILED AUGUST 05, 2019
Appellant Shayne William Reed appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered after a jury found him guilty of burglary, criminal trespass, conspiracy
of theft by unlawful taking, and conspiracy of receiving stolen property.'
Appellant challenges the sufficiency of evidence. We affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows.
Theresa Skillman, the property owner of 65 Summer Street, rented the
upstairs apartment at this address to Appellant and Appellant's girlfriend,
Amber Harris. N.T., 5/23/18, at 31, 53. The property consisted of a house
divided into two apartments (an upstairs apartment and a downstairs
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
' 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3502(a)(4), 3503(a)(1)(ii), 903(a)(1), 3921(a), and 3925(a),
respectively. Appellant was also charged with conspiracy of criminal mischief,
which was graded as a summary offense. The trial court separately found
Appellant guilty of the summary offense.
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apartment), a basement, and two outdoor sheds situated on off-street parking
next to the house. Id. at 32.
Mike Holden, the former tenant of Appellant's upstairs apartment, stored
his property in the smaller of the two sheds. Id. at 42. Skillman's father and
brother kept property in the other larger brown shed. Id. at 41. The larger
shed was roughly twelve feet by sixteen feet and had "a big garage door on
it, [a] little man door, [and a] couple [of] windows." Id. at 74. The shed was
secured so that "all the windows were locked, the man door was screwed shut
to where you couldn't open it from the outside, and the garage door had a
lock and key." Id. at 75. When a new tenant would move in, Skillman would
inform the tenant not to touch the larger shed and to use the basement for
storage. Id. at 32. Katelyn King, the tenant in the downstairs apartment,
testified that tenants were not supposed to use or go into either shed. Id. at
58.
On or about February 8, 2017, Katelyn King testified that she saw
Appellant and his female roommate "messing around" inside the larger shed
at 2:00 a.m.2 Id. at 59-61. Marcia Copeland, who lived across the street at
70 Summer Street, also witnessed Appellant and a female individual in the
2 While Katelyn King did not explicitly state that the date was February 8,
2017, she responded "yes" when asked whether she was living at 65 Summer
Street on February 8, 2017, and whether she witnessed anything that
prompted her to contact Appellee on February 8, 2017. N.T. at 59.
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shed.3 Id. at 66. Copeland approached the individuals and told them, "[Y]ou
are not to be in that area." Id. Appellant and the female responded, "We
have permission to be in here [from Holden]." Id. Copeland told them, "No,
you do not have permission from him. . . . Not to mention, that's not [his
shed]." Id. Appellant and the female individual left, but a couple hours later,
Copeland saw them in the shed again. Id. at 68.
Both Katelyn King and Holden notified Skillman that there were people
inside of the shed where her father's property was stored.4 Id. at 35, 38.
Based on this information, Skillman called the Bradford City Police and spoke
with Officer Kolin Strawcutter.5 Id. at 39. Skillman told Officer Strawcutter
that she believed her rental property had been burglarized. Id. at 40.
Skillman also informed Officer Strawcutter that while she currently resided in
Marienville, her brother, Edward Panighetti, Jr., lived closer to the rental
property and that she could contact him about the shed. Id.
After Skillman's initial conversation with Officer Strawcutter, Skillman
sent a text message to Panighetti. Upon receiving the text message,
3 The record does not state the particular date Copeland saw Appellant and a
female individual in the shed other than it was "sometime in February of
2017." N.T. at 65.
4 The record does not state how Holden knew that there were people inside of
Appellant's shed.
5 The Affidavit of Probable Cause states that Officer Strawcutter received
Appellant's call on February 11, 2017, at 8:40 a.m.
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Panighetti went to check the property by himself. Id. at 40, 76. Panighetti
had last visited the shed less than a week before. Id. at 76. Following
Panighetti's visit, Skillman also went by herself to check on the shed. Officer
Strawcutter called Skillman and Panighetti after their respective visits to the
shed.6 Both Skillman and Panighetti told Officer Strawcutter that the handle
and the lock on the shed were broken and there was a new, unfamiliar padlock
on the right-hand side of the shed. Id. They also reported that a truck tire
and window previously inside the shed were now sitting outside the shed. Id.
at 76, 97.
Officer Strawcutter, Skillman, and Panighetti all visited the shed
together to examine the damage at some later date. Id. at 40, 76.
Accompanied by Officer Strawcutter, Panighetti, and Skillman entered the
shed for the first time after the padlock was changed. Id. at 76. Skillman
testified that upon entering the shed, it was clear that "there was obviously a
lot less stuff in it than had started." Id. at 41. Panighetti testified that "[a]
lot of the power tools, a tree stand, and some clothing previously stored inside
were missing." Id. at 77. Panighetti listed twenty-six items that he had
stored inside the shed himself, but were missing when he saw the shed with
6 The record does not specify the date that Skillman checked the shed.
Skillman testified that Panighetti went first to inspect the property. N.T. at
40. Officer Strawcutter testified that Skillman called to say that she had gone
to the property and relayed her observations of the shed. Id. at 97. After
Officer Strawcutter's conversation with Skillman, Officer Strawcutter
contacted Panighetti and listened to his observations of the shed. Id.
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Officer Strawcutter and Skillman. Id. at 87-88. These items included various
power tools for construction and gardening. Id.
Skillman located some of the items missing from the shed on a Facebook
garage sale page in which Robert King, a junk dealer, was offering these items
for sale. Id. at 98. Skillman informed Officer Strawcutter of Robert King and
the Facebook page. Officer Strawcutter subsequently contacted Robert King,
who told Officer Strawcutter that "he was actually on his way to the police
station because he heard that the items he had bought from a Amber Harris
were stolen and not her property." Id.
During the course of his investigation, Officer Strawcutter also spoke
with Richard Keaton, who had purchased speakers from Harris through
Facebook. Id. at 91, 92. When Keaton went to Summer Street to pick up the
speakers, he saw Harris "in the shed trying to move stuff around to get [the
speakers] out." Id. at 92. After the purchase, Keaton heard from a friend
that the speakers were stolen. Id. Keaton contacted Officer Strawcutter, who
came to retrieve the speakers. Id.
On February 14, 2017, Officer Strawcutter filed charges and arrested
Appellant. Id. at 99-100. The Commonwealth filed an information charging
him with one count of burglary, one count of criminal trespass, and three
counts of criminal conspiracy. The Commonwealth's information alleged that
these crimes occurred between February 9 and February 11 of 2017.
On May 23, 2018, a jury convicted Appellant. On July 12, 2018, the
trial court sentenced Appellant to ten days' to twelve months' incarceration,
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followed by twelve months' probation. Appellant timely filed a post -sentence
motion on July 23, 2018, which he withdrew on August 6, 2018.
Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on August 13, 2018. Appellant
also timely filed a court -ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement on September
5, 2018, challenging the sufficiency of evidence on all counts. The trial court
filed a responsive Rule 1925(a) opinion and concluded that Appellant was not
entitled to relief.
Appellant now raises the following questions for this Court's review:
1. Whether the evidence was sufficient to establish that the "shed"
located at 65 Summer Street is a "building" or "occupied
structure" under 18 Pa.C.S. §3502(a)(4), Burglary, and under 18
Pa.C.S. §3503(a)(1)(ii), Criminal Trespass?
2. Whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain a finding of guilt
under 18 Pa.C.S. §3503(a)(1)(ii), Criminal Trespass, where the
Commonwealth's evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that the Appellant broke into the shed located
at 65 Summer Street?
3. Whether the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that the Appellant entered into a conspiratorial
agreement with Amber Harris to support a finding of guilt at Count
1 and Count 2 of the Amended Criminal Information?
Appellant's Brief at 7-8.
Appellant's first claim challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for
burglary and criminal trespass. Appellant argues that the Commonwealth
failed to establish that the shed at 65 Summer Street was a "building" within
the meaning of the burglary and criminal trespass statutes. Id. at 7, 23.
Specifically, Appellant contends that the Commonwealth did not establish that
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the shed was completely enclosed, that is, that the shed had a roof and four
walls. Id. at 23.
The Commonwealth concedes that the shed is not an "occupied
structure," as it is neither adapted for overnight accommodations nor serves
to carry on business. See Commonwealth's Brief at 5; see also 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 3501 (defining an "occupied structure" as "[a]ny structure, vehicle or place
adapted for overnight accommodation of persons, or for carrying on business
therein, whether or not a person is actually present"). However, the
Commonwealth asserts there was ample evidence to establish that the shed
was a "building" within the meaning of the relevant statutes.
The standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence is
well settled:
The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence
to enable the fact -finder to find every element of the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh
the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact -finder. In
addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by
the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be
resolved by the fact -finder unless the evidence is so weak and
inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be
drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
considered. Finally, the finder of fact while passing upon the
credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,
is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.
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Commonwealth v. Brown, 186 A.3d 985, 990-91 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation
omitted).
Section 3502(a)(4) states that a person commits burglary "if, with the
intent to commit a crime therein, the person enters a building or occupied
structure, or separately secured or occupied portion thereof that is not
adapted for overnight accommodations in which at the time of the offense no
person is present." 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(4). Section 3503(a)(1)(ii) states
that a person commits criminal trespass "if, knowing that he is not licensed or
privileged to do so, he breaks into any building or occupied structure or
separately secured or occupied portion thereof." 18 Pa.C.S. § 3503(a)(1)(ii).
Neither Section 3502(a)(4) nor Section 3503(a)(1)(ii) defines
"building." Therefore, because whether a shed is a "building" under Sections
3502(a)(4) and 3503(a)(1)(ii) "concerns a matter of statutory interpretation
and is, thus, a pure question of law, our standard of review is de novo and our
scope of review is plenary." Commonwealth v. Chester, 101 A.3d 56, 60
(Pa. 2014) (citation omitted).
When interpreting a statute, this Court must apply the Statutory
Construction Act of 1972. The object of all interpretation and
construction of statutes is to ascertain and effectuate the intention
of the legislature and give effect to all of the provisions of the
statute. When the words of a statute are clear and free from all
ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the
pretext of pursuing its spirit. Generally, a statute's plain language
provides the best indication of legislative intent. In reading a
statute's plain language, words and phrases shall be construed
according to rules of grammar and according to their common and
approved usage, while any words or phrases that have acquired a
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peculiar and appropriate meaning must be construed according to
that meaning.
Commonwealth v. Andrews, 173 A.3d 1219, 1221 (Pa. Super. 2017)
(citations and quotation marks omitted).
Therefore, we turn to the "common and approved usage" of the term
"building." See Chester, 101 A.3d at 63. Black's Law Dictionary defines a
building as: "[a] structure with walls and a roof." Black's Law Dictionary 222
(9th ed. 2009); accord Concise Oxford English Dictionary 183 (10th ed. 2002)
(defining building as "a structure with a roof and walls"). Similarly, another
dictionary defines "building" as
a constructed edifice designed to stand more or less permanently,
covering a space of land, usu[ally] covered by a roof and more or
less completely enclosed by walls, and serving as a dwelling,
storehouse, factory, shelter for animals, or other useful
structure-distinguished from structures not designed for
occupancy (as fences or monuments) and from structures not
intended for use in one place (as boats or trailers) even though
subject to occupancy[.]
Webster's Third Int'l Dictionary 292 (1968). Therefore, a commonly accepted
definition of "building" is a structure with walls and a roof.
Here, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, the record establishes that the shed had a locked garage
door, screwed -shut man door, and locked windows. See N.T. at 74, 75. The
shed also contained power tools, which the jury could reasonably infer would
be stored in an enclosed place, safe from inclement weather. Id. at 87-88.
Furthermore, after the break-in, both Skillman and Panighetti found that the
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shed's handle was broken. Id. at 40. A fact -finder could reasonably infer that
the shed had four walls and a roof, as otherwise, a locked door would
seemingly serve no purpose. It was for the fact -finder to conclude, which it
did, that the shed was completely enclosed such that Appellant had to force
the door open to enter the shed. Therefore, we find no merit to Appellant's
argument that the Commonwealth failed to establish that the shed was a
"building" for the purposes of 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(4), and 18 Pa.C.S. §
3503(a)(1)(ii).
We acknowledge that Appellant has also argued that the shed was not
adapted for overnight accommodations. But Appellant overlooked that he was
convicted of second-degree burglary under 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(4), and not
first -degree burglary under 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(1), (a)(2), or (a)(3). As set
forth above, second-degree burglary applies to "a building or occupied
structure, or separately secured or occupied portion thereof that is not
adapted for overnight accommodations . . " 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(4)
(emphasis added). Similarly, the offense of criminal trespass, 18 Pa.C.S. §
3503(a)(1)(ii), merely requires the Commonwealth to establish the defendant
"breaks into any building." See 18 Pa.C.S. § 3503(a)(1)(ii). Therefore,
neither statute required the Commonwealth to establish that the shed was
adapted for overnight accommodations, and this argument lacks merit.
Appellant's second claim asserts that the trial evidence is insufficient to
establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant "broke into" the shed, as
defined by the criminal trespass statute, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3503(a)(1)(ii).
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Appellant's Brief at 24. Appellant argues that since "the record is silent on
who actually damaged the lock . . . it could just as easily be inferred that the
lock was damaged prior to Appellant entering the garage, and Appellant could
have simply entered through an unlocked door." Id. at 24.
Section 3503 of the Criminal Code defines "breaks into" as "to gain entry
by force, breaking, intimidation, unauthorized opening of locks, or through an
opening not designed for human access." 18 Pa.C.S. § 3503(a)(3). For
purposes of Section 3503(a)(1)(ii), a felony of the second degree, gaining
entry merely by entering through an unlocked door does not constitute
"breaking in." 18 Pa.C.S. § 3503(a)(2); Commonwealth v. Cook, 547 A.2d
406, 411 (Pa. Super. 1988) (holding that "a criminal trespass involving the
entry of a building . . . by opening an unlocked door was punishable as a
felony of the third degree").
Instantly, Katelyn King and Copeland both witnessed Appellant and his
girlfriend inside the shed at 2:00 a.m. N.T. at 66, 60-62. Further, the record
reflects that all of the windows and doors of the shed had been secured prior
to the break-in and that Panighetti had inspected the shed only a week before
the break-in. Id. at 75-76. When confronted by a neighbor, Appellant and
his girlfriend attempted to explain that a former tenant had given them
privilege to enter the shed. When the neighbor questioned their response,
they left, only to return a short time later. Moreover, when Skillman,
Panighetti, and Officer Strawcutter inspected the shed after the reported
break-in, they found a broken door handle and a new, unfamiliar padlock on
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the shed. Id. at 40-41, 76. Viewing these circumstances in a light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, we find sufficient circumstantial evidence
existed such that a jury could reasonably infer that Appellant broke into the
shed by breaking the original lock by force. See Brown, 186 A.3d at 990-91.
In support of his third claim, Appellant argues that the evidence was
insufficient to establish that he entered into a "conspiratorial agreement" with
his girlfriend, Harris, to commit theft by unlawful taking and receiving stolen
property. Appellant's Brief at 34. Appellant reasons that the "testimony
fail[ed] to identify [Appellant's female] companion as Amber Harris" and
neither "[Appellant] nor [Harris] were ever observed to be in possession of
[the] specific items" missing from the shed. Id. at 25. Appellant concludes
that "the evidence [was] insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt
that [he and Harris] entered into an agreement that one or more of them
would steal those items." Id. at 37.
Similarly, Appellant argues there was insufficient evidence to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that he and Harris had "a conspiratorial
relationship to commit the crime of Receiving Stolen Property," because the
Commonwealth failed to prove that "the items that went missing were
received by either [Appellant] or [Harris]." Id. In sum, in Appellant's view,
the evidence was too speculative for a jury to reasonably infer that he and
Harris entered into a conspiracy to steal and dispose of the items in question.
Id. at 39.
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A person is guilty of conspiracy "if with the intent of promoting or
facilitating its commission he . . . agrees with such other person or persons
that they or one or more of them will engage in conduct which constitutes
such crime or an attempt or solicitation to commit such crime." 18 Pa.C.S. §
903(a)(1).
The essence of a criminal conspiracy is a common understanding,
no matter how it came into being, that a particular criminal
objective be accomplished. Therefore, a conviction for conspiracy
requires proof of the existence of the shared criminal intent. An
explicit or formal agreement to commit crimes can seldom, if ever,
be proved, and it need not be, for proof of criminal partnership is
almost invariably extracted from the circumstances that attend its
activities. Thus, a conspiracy may be inferred where it is
demonstrated that the relation, conduct, or circumstances of the
parties, and the overt acts of the co-conspirators sufficiently prove
the formation of a criminal confederation. The conduct of the
parties and the circumstances surrounding their conduct may
create a web of evidence linking the accused to the alleged
conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.
Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 42-43 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation
omitted). Furthermore, "[o]nce the trier of fact finds that there was an
agreement and the [defendant] intentionally entered into the agreement, that
[the defendant] may be liable for the overt acts committed in furtherance of
the conspiracy regardless of which co-conspirator committed the act."
Commonwealth v. Barnes,
871 A.2d 812, 820 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation
omitted).
A person is guilty of theft by unlawful taking "if he unlawfully takes, or
exercises unlawful control over, movable property of another with intent to
deprive him thereof." 18 Pa.C.S. § 3921(a). A person is guilty of receiving
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stolen property "if he intentionally receives, retains, or disposes of movable
property of another knowing that it has been stolen, or believing that it has
probably been stolen, unless the property is received, retained, or disposed
with intent to restore it to the owner." 18 Pa.C.S. § 3925(a). "Receiving" is
statutorily defined as "acquiring possession, control or title, or lending on the
security of the property." 18 Pa.C.S. § 3925(b).
Instantly, Appellant asks us to find that the evidence was insufficient to
identify Appellant's female companion as Harris. However, Katelyn King
stated she saw Appellant and his female roommate, i.e. Harris, inside the
shed. Therefore, Appellant's argument goes to the weight, rather than
sufficiency, of the evidence. See Commonwealth v. Sanders, 42 A.3d 325,
329 (Pa. Super. 2012) (holding that "the credibility of witnesses [who
identified the defendant as the culprit] is not to be re -weighed on appeal").
With respect to Appellant's challenge as to the existence of a
conspiratorial agreement, the record reveals that Appellant and Harris were
living together and in an intimate relationship. See N.T. at 53. Appellant and
Harris were seen in the shed together multiple times by two different
witnesses. Katelyn King, who lived in the apartment directly under the
apartment of Appellant and Harris, testified that when she saw Appellant enter
and leave the shed, Appellant was accompanied by his female roommate. See
id. at 61. Furthermore, when Copeland approached Appellant and Harris and
told them to leave the shed, Appellant and Harris stood beside each other and
argued with Copeland together. See id. at 68, 71. When Appellant and Harris
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left the shed, they left together and when they returned to the shed, they
returned together. Id. at 68. When viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict -winner, a jury could reasonably infer from Appellant
and Harris' "relation, [conduct, circumstances, and overt acts]" that the two
had a "shared criminal intent" to unlawfully take and receive stolen property
from the shed. See Melvin, 103 A.3d at 42-43.
Moreover, Robert King and Keaton also testified that the stolen property
they acquired was from Harris. See N.T. at 91, 92, 98. In particular, based
on Keaton's eyewitness account of Harris physically taking the speakers from
inside the shed, a jury could find that Harris was intentionally disposing of
stolen property. See id. at 92. In sum, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, Appellant's sufficiency
challenge fails. See Brown,
186 A.3d at 990-91. Accordingly, we affirm the
judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
J seph D. Seletyn,
Prothonotary
Date: 8/5/2019
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