426
FEDERAL REPORTER. I
?r criterion to which we may subject their judgment or determine Its reasonableness. The rule to show oause is discharged.
UNITED STATES
V. PAYNE
and others.
(Diamat Oourt, D. Kansas.
December 11, 1884..1
1.
CON!!PIRACY TO COMMIT OFFENSE AGAINST THE UNITED STATES-SETTLEMEN'r ON AND RETURN 'ro INDIAN UOUNTRY.
A conspiracy to make settlement on Indian lands and to return to the Indian country, after being removed therefrom, is not an indictable offense, within the meaning of the conspiracy clause of chapter 8, Supp. Rev. St. 484, or one that cali be prosecuted by criminal proceedings. The proper proceeding in such a caso is by action under Rev. St. § 2124, to recover the penalty prescribed for such offenses.
2.
BAME,"","PENALTY, HOW RECOVERED.
On Motion to Quash Indictment. J. R. Hallowell, U. S. Atty., for the United States. J. W. McDonald, for defendants.
FOSTER, J. - The indictment in this case charges the defendants with conspiring and confederating together to oommit an offense SHainst the United States under ohapter 8, Supp. Rev. St. 484. The offense alleged, in brief, is that the defendants conspired aud confederated together among themselves and with other persons to enter upon and make settlement on certain lands belonging, secured, and granted by treaty of United States to certain Indian tribes, and lying between the Canadian and north fork of the Canadian rivers, in the Indian Territory, and commonly known as the Oklahoma lands. And also having, before that time, been removed from the Indian country by the military forces of the United States, did conspire and confederate together, and with other persons, to return to said Indian country commonly known as the Oklahoma country, and also to enter upon lands known as the Cherokee strip or outlet in said Indian country; and charging defendants with certain overt acts to effect the object of said conspiracy, etc. The law concerning the entering and making settlement on Indian: lands is found in section 2118, Rev. St. p. 370, tit. 38, and reads as follows: "Every person who makes a settlement on any lands belonging, secured, or granted by treaty with the United States to any Indian tribe, or surveys or attempts to-survey such lands, or to designate any of the boundaries by marking trees, or otherwise, is liable to a penalty of one thousand dollars. .The. president ;may, moreover, take such measures and employ such military force as he may jUdge necessary to rem.0ve any such. person from the lands."
The law concerning the l'emoval.of persons from the Indian country further provides as follows:
UNITED STATES V. PAniE.
421
"Sec. 2147. The of Indian affairs and the Indian agents aud subagents shall have authority to reniove from the Indian country all persons found therein contrary to law, and the president is authorized to direct the military force to be employed in such removal. "Sec. 2148. If any persall who bas been removed from the Indian country shall at any time return or be found within the Indian country, he shall be liable to a penalty of one thousand dollars."
It will be observed that the law fixes a penalty of $1,000 in either case, and section 2124 defines how this penalty shall be enforced. It reads as follows: "All penalties which shall accrue under this title shall be sued for and recovered in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in the name of the United States, before any court having jurisdiction of the same in any state or territory in which the defendant shall be arrested or found, the one-half to tbe use of the infOrmer and the other half to the use of the United States, ex· cept wben the prosecution shall be first instituted on behalf of the United States, in'which case the whole shall be to their use."
The act to accomplish which this conspiracy waS formed, i. e., to make settlement on Indian lands, and to to the Indian country after being removed therefrom, might be termed an offense against the United States, but it is evidently not an indictable offense, nor could it be prosecuted by criminal proceedings. It is an offense created by statute, with a definite penalty attached, and the mode prescribed for enforcing the penalty. The prosecution may be instituted by an informer, and thus become a q'lti tam action. We find all through the acts of congress a distinction made between prosecutions for crimes and offenses, and suits for penalties and forfeitures. Thus, in defining the jurisdiction of the district court, (Rev. St. § 563,) after defining its jurisdiction of crimes and offenses,' it l'elJ;ds as.follows: "Third, of all suits for penalties and forfeitures incurred under any law of the United States." Again, in defining the jurisdiction of the circuit court, (Rev. St. § 629,) subdivision 20 gives the circuit court jurisdiction with the district court of crimes and offenses, etc. ; but in subdivision 4: of the same section, definingsoits of which the court shall have jurisdiction, it expressly excepts from the circuit court jurisdiction of suits for .penalties and forfeitures. In section 711, defining the general jurisdiction of the United States courts, this distinction is again observed. Section 732 provides where such suits may be brought. Section 1047 prescribes the period of limitation in such suits. There are various penalties prescribed for viola· .and navigation laws, and sections 3213 tions of the internal and 4234: appertain to those subjects. From these several provisions of the statutes I am of the opinion that the acts c4arged do not show a conspiracy to commit an offense against the United States within the meaning of the conspiracy clause of chapter 8, Supp. Rev. St., and for this reason these indictments must be quashed·.
:123
FEDERAL REPORTER.
GILBERT
v.
WEIR PLOW
CO.
(Circuit Oourt, N. D. Illinois. November 24,1884.) PA';l'ENTS FOR INVENTIONS-ANTICIPATION.
Where the devices used were all anticipated by devices used In older Inven tions, the mere circumstance of a different method of producing the same reo suit in a combination will not entitle a. cla.imant to the exclusive right to the use of such combination.
,
(1) "The combination of the angnlar lever, A, ratchet, C, and spring, n, with the pitman, D, and sliding axle-tree arm, E, in the manner described .and for the purposes set forth." , The defenses are (1) that defendant does not infringe; (2) that
In Equity. Geo. W. Dyer, for complainant. West cf: Bond, for defendant. BLODGETT, J. This is a suit to restrain the infringement of patent No. 88,413, issued as of March 23, 1869, to John G. Robinson, 'for an "improvement in gang and trench plows," and for an accounting for profits and damages. This patent covers several devices, but the only one in controversy in this suit is what the patentee describes "as a device for adjusting the depth of the furrows." It consists of a movable arm. or wheel·journal for the right hand, or furrow-wheel, with an angular lever so connected with this movable arm that this wheel-arm can be raised above or lowered below the end of the axle. The wheel-arm or journal is fastened horizontally to a grooved ver· tical plate, which is arranged to move on a plate fixed vertically to the end of the axle, and anangnlar lever fulcrumed on the axle is connected by a pitman with the grooved plate which carries the wheel, 80 that· the axle may be raised or lowered by the movement of this lever in the notches of a ratcheted bar with which it is held in engagement by a spring. Thie feature of the patent iB covered by the first claim, which is:
the patent is void for want of novelty. The proof in this case shows that wheel-arms,'which could be moved upon' the end of the axle of a wheeled cultivator or plow so as to bring the axle, or One end of it, above or below the center of the wheel, are old, and were well known long prior to the issue of this patent. In fact, it is only the axle inside the hub of the wheel which moves up or down in the complainant's device, or any of the devices shown in the proof, as the wheel always rests upon the ground, and the axle is the part of 'the device which changes its position. We find in the patent of Joseph Vowles, for a cultivator, issued in February, 1860, a wheel-spindle, vertically movable on the end of the axle, the slides, or plates, to which the spindle or wheel-arms were fixed, having a rack, and levers being arranged with teeth to engage with the teeth or cogs of the rack, so as to move the wheel-arm up or down with these levers.
