majority">STOBT, Circuit Justice.

The motion has been very ably and elaborately discussed at the bar; and I should have heard the further argument which was proposed to be *642made in support of It, if, upon hearing all, that has been so ingeniously said on the other side, 1 could bring my mind to doubt, that the motion ought to be granted. The 12th section of the judiciary act of 1789, c. 20, provides: “That if a suit be commenced in any state court against an alien, or by a citizen of a state, in which the suit is brought, against a citizen of another state, and the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of five hundred dollars, exclusive of costs, to be made to appear to the satisfaction of the court, and the defendant shall, at the time of entering his appearance in such state court, file a petition for the removal of the’ cause for trial into the next circuit court to be held in the district, where the suit is pending, and offer good and sufficient surety for his entering in such court, on the first day of its session, copies of said process against him, and also for his there appearing and entering special bail in the cause, if special bail was originally requisite therein, it shall be the duty of the state court to accept the surety, and proceed no further in the cause, &e.; and the said copies being entered in such court of the United States, the cause shall there proceed in the same manner, as if it had been brought there by original process.”

Now, the first remark, that occurs upon the language of this section, is, that in its terms it applies only to the case of a single defendant. But, in its true interpretation, it cannot admit of a rational doubt, that it means the party defendant, whether one or many, and that it must apply to cases, where several aliens, or several citizens of another state, are jointly sued as defendants; for in such a case, each of them is in the very predicament presumed by the act.

In the next place, it is apparent from the .anguage of the e'osing passage of the section above quoted, that it contemplates such cases, and such cases only, to be liable to removal, as might, under th« law, or at all events udder the constitution, have been brought before the circuit court by original process. And this consideration, upon the actual state of the authorities, is most important. The case of Strawbridge v. Curtis, 3 Cranch [7 U. S.] 267, the earliest on the subject, was a bill in equity, originally brought in the circuit court of this district; and some of the plaintiffs were alleged to be citizens of Massachusetts. The defendants were all stated to be citizens of Massachusetts, excepting Curtis, who was alleged to be a citizen of Vermont, and upon whom the process was served in Massachusetts. The question made at the bar under these circumstances was, whether the circuit court had jurisdiction of the cause, under the judiciary act of 17S9, c. 20, § 11, which provides, that “the circuit courts shall have original cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the states, of all suits of a civil nature, at common law and in equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of five hundred dollars, and the United States are plaintiffs or petitioners; or an alien is a party; or the suit is between a citizen of the state, where the suit is brought, and a citizen of another state.” The supreme court decided against the jurisdiction. Upon that occasion, the late chief justice said: “The court understands these expressions to mean, — that each distinct interest should be represented by persons, all of whom are entitled to sue, or may be sued in the federal courts. That is, where the interest is joint, each of the persons concerned in that interest must be competent to sue, or liable to be sued in those courts. But the court does not mean to give an opinion in the case, where several parties represent several distinct interests. and some of these pasties are, and others are not, competent to sue, or liable to be sued in the courts' of the Uuited States.” This language, it is true, was applied to a case, where the suit was originally brought in the circuit court. But it has always been understood as equally applicable to all cases of suits removed from a state couxt. And, looking to the words used in the 11th and 12th sections of the act. as to this point, it seems absolutely impracticable to make any solid distinction between them. My Brother, the late Mr. Justice Washington, so thought in the case of Beardsley v. Torrey [Case No. 1,190]. “If,” said he. “this suit could not have been maintained against S. under the 11th section of the judiciary act, if it had originated in this court, it cannot be removed into this court under the 12th section, so as to subject that party to the jurisdiction of this court.” This reasoning is certainly correct, in the sense in which he used it, that is, as requiring all the parties on each side to be citizens of different states, though certainly there is a distinction in other respects; for, under the ,11th section, the plaintiff need not be a citizen of the state, where the suit is brought, as he must be under the 12th section. The case of Strawbridge v. Curtis [supra], has never been departed from; but,.has constantly been recognised as the basis of the subsequent decisions of the supreme court upon this branch of jurisdiction. It was expressly confirmed in Corporation of New Orleans v. Winter, 1 Wheat. [14 U. S.] 91, and Cameron v. Roberts, 3 Wheat. [16 U. S.] 596. And Mr. Justice Thompson, in his able opinion in Ward v. Arredondo [supra], applied it, as Mr. Justice Washington did in Beardsley v. Torrey [supra], to the exposition of the jurisdiction of the court in cases of removal of suits, equally with those of original suits. “It is,” said he, “a well-settled rule, and indeed has not been denied by the defendant’s counsel, that when the jurisdiction of this court depends on the character of the parties, and such party, either plaintiff or defendant, consists of a number of individuals, each must be competent to sue in the courts of the United States, or jurisdiction cannot be entertained.” He then applied the doctrine to the very case before him, which was that of a plaintiff, a citizen of New York, suing a bill in equity, in a state court, against *643certain aliens, and also against Thomas, a citizen of New York, the alien seeking to remove it into the circuit court. After putting the point, whether, as the plaintiff, and Thomas, one of the defendants, were both citizens of New York, the cause could be removed into the circuit court, he said: “It is very evident, that Ward (the plaintiff) could not originally have filed his bill in this court against Thomas, as one of the defendants; and it would seem to follow as a necessary consequence, that if jurisdiction could not be entertained directly, it ought not to be acquired indirectly.”

But the argument which has been addressed to the court upon the present occasion is, that in the suit now before us the defendant has a separate and distinct interest from his co-defendants, and, therefore, it falls within the reasoning of the court in the case of Strawbridge v. Curtis, as a suit, not only within the original jurisdiction of the circuit court, but within the jurisdiction founded on the removal from the state court. It is certainly true, that actions, founded in tort, may be maintained against all, or any one or more of the tort-feasors; for every tort is joint, as well as several; and the case of Skinner v. Gunton, 1 Saund. 228, is relied on to show, that an action on the case, in the nature of an action for a conspiracy, falls within the limits of the doctrine. That case, it must be admitted, is directly in point, though at first view, the objection taken by Sergeant Saunders seems to be well founded; viz. that where a conspiracy is alleged by several, and all the defendants are acquitted, but one, the action must fail; for one cannot conspire alone. This is true in a criminal accusation. But the true answer to the objection civiliter is that given by the court, that the conspiracy is but inducement, and not the substance of the action, which was there the undue arresting of the plaintiff; and here it is the fraud actually perpetrated upon the plaintiff, to his grievous injury.

But, assuming it to be true, that the tort, stated in this action, is several, as well as joint, still it does not advance the argument at all, unless it can be established, that the defendant has a right to elect to consider it as several, and also that the defendant has no joint interest in this suit. Now, at the common law, which is the law of Massachusetts, and which this court, equally with the state court, is bound to administer, nothing is more clear, than the right of the plaintiff to bring an action of this sort against all the wrong-doers, or against any one or morel of them, at his election. There is no principle, upon which the defendant has a right, in any courts of justice, to say. that the action shall be several, and not joint; and thus to take away the right of election, which the plaintiff has by law, to make it joint. If the defendant has no such right, upon what pretence can this court, in virtue of the removal of the suit from the state court, confer upon him any such privilege. We must administer the lex loci here, and not the law which the defendant may assume to make for his case. And then again, if the tort is several, it is also joint; and when the plaintiff has joined all the wrong-doers, it is clear, that they have a joint interest in the event of such suit. They are jointly liable for the damages, which may be assessed against them by the jury; and if they sever in their pleadings, or the jury assess different damages against them severally, the plaintiff has a right to a joint judgment de melioribus damnis. 2 Tidd, Prac. 804, 805; Heydon’s Case, 11 Coke, 7; Sabin v. Long, 1 Wils. 30; Johns v. Dodsworth, Cro. Car. 102, 193. So, that it is difficult to maintain the position, that in this case the defendant has a separate and distinct interest from the other defendants throughout. On the contrary, for the general purposes of the suit, he has a joint and common interest with them.

The distinct and separate interest referred to in Strawbridge v. Curtis, is one, which constitutes the sole interest in the cause, all the other parties being merely nominal; or a distinct and separate interest, in no sense and under no circumstances connected with that of other persons. If a party has a distinct and separate interest, and also a joint interest, as where he is sued upon his joint and several bond, it has never been supposed, that the general rule laid down in that case did not apply. Thus, for example, in the case of Cameron v. McRoberts, 3 Wheat. [16 U. S.] 591, where the suit was a bill in equity against Cameron and two others, whose citizenship was not stated, the court said: “If a joint interest vested in Cameron and the other defendants, the court had no jurisdiction of the cause. If a distinct interest vested in Cameron, so that substantial justice, so far as he was interested, could be done without affecting the other defendants, the jurisdiction might be exercised as to him alone.” And it is most material to remark, that this case and all the others, in which a separate and distinct interest, or a nominal interest, is spoken of, were bills in equity, capable in their own nature of separate and distinct decrees upon separate and distinct interests, where there was, or.might be, no community of interest, and where the general question was presented as to the proper parties necessary to be made in a suit in equity. Very different considerations do, or at least may apply, to suits at common law, where the nonjoinder or misjoinder of parties has a very different effect upon the character of the suit, and very different rules apply to it. This is abundantly evident from what is stated in Wormley v. Wormley, 8 Wheat. [21 U. S.] 451; Carneal v. Banks, 10 Wheat. [23 U. S.] 181; Dunn v. Clarke, 8 Pet. [33 U. S.] 1, and Boone’s Heirs v. Chiles, 8 Pet. [33 U. S.] 532. In Corporation of New Orleans v. Winter, 1 Wheat. [14 U. S.] 91, where a citizen of a state and a citizen of a territory sued as joint plaintiffs, the jurisdiction was held to be gone. The court said: *644“In this case it has been donbted, whether the parties might elect to sue jointly or severally. However this may be, having elected to sue severally, the court is incapable of distinguishing their case, so far as respects jurisdiction from one, in which they were compelled to unite.” So here, upon like grounds, it may be said, that being united compul- ■ sively by the plaintiff, the defendants are to be treated throughout as being joint and proper parties in the suit.

But if these difficulties in the case could be overcome, there are others, which, upon the construction of the 12th section of the act, seem absolutely insuperable. In the first place, the act contemplates, that the removal of the cause is to be with the joint assent of all the parties defendant; for it can ' scarcely be treated as a privilege of one defendant, exclusive of the others. Suppose the present suit were brought against several ■ aliens, or several citizens of another state, and some of the defendants were in favor of a removal of the suit from the state tri- ■ bunals, and others against it, which of them ; are to prevail? The act seems intended to give an option to the party defendant, which may be exercised or not, at the pleasure ■ of all standing in the same predicament. But; if one may remove without the consent of the others, then, the option may be defeated • at the pleasure of one only. My Brother, Mr. Justice Thompson, has put the case strongly,. in delivering the opinion of the court in the case of Ward v. Arredondo. “Can,” (said he) “then one of the alien defendants com- ■ pel his co-defendant to follow him into this. court against his will? We put the case thus ■ strongly in order to test the principle. And' we cannot discover any satisfactory ground,: upon which such a doctrine can be sustained. • The judiciary act considers the removal of the cause as the voluntary act of the party on his petition. By the word party, as here , used, must necessarily be understood, the . defendant, embracing all the individuals, be: they more or less, constituting such party.” This reasoning upon the face and purport of : the act appears to me to be unanswerable in • the ease put. It equally, in my judgment, ap- ■ plies to every other case, where all the defendants have not (as they have not in the' present case) petitioned for the removal. The ; application must be joint, for the benefit of • all, and with the consent of all. Indeed ; there is a more urgent ground for its application, if the suggestions, already made, are ; well founded; for the defendants in this : case, who are citizens of Massachusetts, are per se, incapable of removing the suit. Can they be placed in a better predicament, than if they had united in the petition with one, ' who was a citizen of another state, and . therefore capable?

And this leads me, in the next place, to the consideration, which has been so strongly urged at the bar, as to the right of removal of a cause in part from a state court, leaving it still, as to other parties, depending therein. It appears to me, that the very terms of the act prohibit any such partial removal of a suit. It declares, that when the petition and surety are properly offered and given, “it shall then be the duty of the state court to accept the surety, and proceed no farther in the cause,” which language necessarily supposes an entire removal of the cause, and not a removal of it as to some parties only. The circuit court, too, is to proceed therein in the same manner, as in original suits commenced in that court. So that in all eases, where the ■local law would govern in the decision upon the forms or merits of the proceeding in an original suit, it must in like manner govern in those forms and proceedings in the removed suit. It is plain, that there can be nothing in the nature of a summons and severance in the suit; for that supposes that some parties have a right to proceed to establish their claim as plaintiffs, there being other parties necessary to be joined in point of form as plaintiffs, who are unwilling to proceed at all. Such a proceeding is never allowed as a severance of a suit at the common law, as to the parties defendant, so as to make two several suits out of one joint suit.

But independent of the language of the act, how would it be possible, upon any acknowledged principles of law, to proceed in this suit in the state court, as to some parties, and in this court as to other parties, treating it (as it certainly must be treated) as a joint suit, upon which there may be a joint, as well as a several judgment? Consider, for a moment, the posture of the case, if the suit is removed as to Bines, and is still proceeded in in the state court, as to all the other defendants, upon whom process has been served. Both courts must render such a final judgment upon the whole cause of action, as the local law (which in this case is the common law) requires, upon the whole record. The final judgment must be jpst such a judgment as would be warranted by law, if all the parties were before either court, and there had been a final trial as to all the defendants, upon joint or separate pleadings. Now, the first difficulty, which occurs is, how, after the removal of a part of the cause from the state court to the circuit court, either court can, judicially, know what is finally done as to the residue by the other court. The further proceedings in either court, after such a removal, constitute no part of the record of the proceedings of the other court; and no process of certiorari lies to bring them before the other. Suppose, that all the defendants in the state court should be convicted on trial, and damages of one thousand dollars be jointly assessed against them by a jury; and suppose, that damages should, in like manner upon trial, be rendered against Bines in the circuit court, more or less than the damages assessed in the state court, what judgment is to be rendered? The plaintiff, in such a case, would by law be entitled to a joint judg*645ment against all the defendants, de meliori-bus damnis. Where on the record of either court could be found the materials for such a judgment? Nay more; where could be found the materials to show, that any verdict at all had been rendered in the other court? Suppose, some of the defendants in the state court should be acquitted, and others convicted, and damages assessed against the latter in the state court, and damages also assessed against Hines in the circuit court to the same amount, or to a greater or less amount, what judgment is to be rendered in either court? It is plain, that the plaintiff would be entitled to a joint judgment against all the defendants, who were connected, and against execution. But in what manner can either court proceed to enter such a judgment, there being on its own records no proof of the proceedings in the other court? Suppose, Riñes, upon a trial here, should be acquitted, and some of the defendants in the state court should also be acquitted, and others convicted, what is to be done? We all know, that if the final judgment in the cause were wholly in either court, it would be a general judgment, that all the defendants acquitted should go without day; and that the plaintiff should recover his damages against the others. A several judgment as to some' of the defendants, without disposing of the others, would, upon the clearest principles of the common law, be bad and unwarrantable. In the case supposed, in what manner is either court to render such a general judgment as to all the parties?

I have stated these difficulties, because they are the very difficulties, which, in the farther progress of the cause here, if we could maintain jurisdiction over it, may, nay, must arise. I know not, how they are to be overcome. Indeed, the only possible manner, in which -a removal by one defendant to this court could be sustained, either in an action of contract, or of tort, would be by considering such a removal as ending the suit as to all the other parties, and taking from the plaintiff his right to a joint action, There is* certainly no authority for that; and I know no principle to justify it. My Brother Washington, in Beardsley v. Torrey [Case No. 1,190], held, that a suit, if removable at all, must be entirely removed. It cannot be severed, and a part only removed. “Not only,” said he, “would such a doctrine be attendéd with absurdity and inconvenience; but it would be repugnant to the language and to the clear meaning of the 12th section” of the act of congress. Notwithstanding the criticism bestowed at the bar upon this case, it appears to me directly in point. And that most learned and pains-taking judge added (what is equally in point in this suit), that there was another reasoD, why the circuit court could not take cognizance of the cause, as a removed cause, which was, “that S. (one of the defendants) did not join in the petition for the removal; and it is not competent for one defendant to remove the cause, without the consent of all the defendants.”

But it has been said, that if one defendant alone cannot, under the act of congress, remove a suit into the circuit court, the constitutional provision may be evaded at pleasure, as to suits between citizens of different states being cognizable in the courts of the United States; for persons may fraudulently be made nominal defendants for the very purpose of preventing a removal of the suit. If such a case should arise (for in this case it is not pretended) of a fraudulent joinder of parties for such a purpose, it would deserve consideration, whether the jurisdiction of this court could be so evaded; and whether, in furtherance of justice, under such circumstances, the injured defendant might not have some remedy at law or in equity (by way of injunction or otherwise), to reach the mischief. But if the mischief in such a case should be admitted to be irremediable, that is a consideration properly addressing itself to the national legislature to provide suitable means of redress for it. It is not for courts of justice proprio marte to provide for all the defects or mischiefs of imperfect legislation.

Upon the whole, my opinion is, that this suit must be remanded to the state court. If I entertained any doubt upon the subject the deliberate opinions of my Brothers Washington and Thompson would be decisive with me. But I confess, that as an original question, I should have entertained the same view of the matter; and the weight of their authority ought, under these circumstances, to be quite conclusive with me.

Suit remanded to the state court

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