22 Va. App. 646 - Janis v. Commonwealth’s Empirical Analysis
1996
Citation profile
4 federal appellate · 47 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 51 later decisions — most recently September 2016 · most notably United States v. Bynum (2002), United States v. Gonzales (2005)
4 federal appellate · 47 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Illinois v. Gates · United States v. Leon · Mapp v. Ohio · Ornelas v. United States · Weeks v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 51 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“does not extend “to allow the consideration of facts known only to an officer and not presented to a magistrate. The Leon test for good faith reliance is clearly an objective one and it is based solely on facts presented to the magistrate.” ... “To permit the total deficiency of the warrant and affidavit to be remedied by subsequent testimony concerning the subjective knowledge of the officer who sought the warrant would, we believe, unduly erode the protections of the fourth amendment.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage“"(1) [W]here the magistrate was misled by information in the affidavit which the affiant knew was false or should have known was false, (2) the issuing magistrate totally abadoned his judicial role, (3) the warrant was based on an affidavit `so lacking in indicia of probable cause' as to render official belief in its existence unreasonable or (4) where the warrant was so facially deficient that an executing officer could not reasonably have assumed it was valid."”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“). Considering the totality of the circumstances, including the nature of the property to be seized, I would find that the officer possessed an objectively reasonable belief in the existence of probable cause namely, that”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.