¶11. Removal of Causes &wkey;>3 — Statutory Provisions — Actions Under, Employers’ Liability Act — “Case.”
¶2Within Employers’ Liability Act April 22, 1908, c. 149, § 6, 35 Stat. 66, as amended by Act April 5, 1910, c. 143, § 1, 36 Stat. 291 (Comp. St. 1913, § 8662), providing that no case arising under that act and brought in any state court shall be removed to any court of the United States, “case” means cause of action; and this is true, though the petition in the same count states facts disclosing a good cause of action under a state statute or at common law.
¶3[Ed. Note. — Eor other cases, see Removal of Causes, Cent. Dig. §§ 4, 5; Dec. Dig. <&wkey;3.
¶4For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Case.]
¶5*7322. .Removal of Causes <§=>50 — Joinder of Causes of Action — Time for Removal.
¶6Under Employers’ Liability Act, § 6, where a petition contained two counts stating causes of action under that act and under the state law for the death of an employs, and the necessary diversity of citizenship existed to make the cause of action under the state law removable, defendant could remove such cause of action, without waiting until plaintiff elected at the trial to rely on the cause of action under the state law, and such removal carried the entire case with it, as the provision against removal of causes under the Employers’ Liability Act is a privilege which plaintiff may waive, and defendant could not be deprived of its right to remove the cause of action under the state law by the joinder of the irremovable cause of action.
¶7[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Removal of Causes, Cent. Dig. § 100; Dee. Dig. <§=>50.] *
¶83. Removal of Causes <§=>102 — Remanding—Doubtful Cases.
¶9Where the right to remove a case which has been removed to the federal court is doubtful, the federal court will retain jurisdiction.
¶10[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Removal of Causes, Cent. Dig. §§ 218-220, 223, 224; Dec. Dig. <§=>102.]
¶11At Raw. Action by Samuel B. Strother, administrator of Matt Kobetitsch, deceased, against the Union Pacific Railroad Company. On motion to remand to the state court.
¶12Motion denied.
¶13C. W. Prince, of Kansas City, Mo., for plaintiff.
¶14Watson, Watson & Alford, of Kansas City, Mo., for defendant.
¶16The above-entitled action was commenced in the circuit court of Jackson county, Mo., at Kansas City. On petition of defendant it was removed to this court. Plaintiff now moves to remand the case, on the ground that under section 6 of the Employers’ Riability Act (36 Stat. 291, c. 143), the removal is not permitted. Said section 6 is as follows:
“Under this act an action may be brought in a Circuit Court of the United States, in the district of the residence of the defendant, or in which the cause of action arose, or in which the defendant shall be doing business at the time of commencing such action. The jurisdiction of the courts of the United States under this act shall be concurrent with that of the. courts of the several states, and no case arising under this act and brought in any state court of competent jurisdiction shall be removed to any court of the United States.”
¶17The complainant in the first count states a cause of action arising under the federal Employers’ Riability Act, and in the second count one arising under the statutory law of the state of Kansas. Each count declares upon the same physical injury, which resulted in death. This suit was instituted by complainant as administrator of the estate of the deceased. Said administrator is a citizen and resident of the Western division of the Western district of Missouri. Defendant is a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the state of Utah.
¶18[ 1 ] The statute above quoted provides that no case arising under the Employers’ Riability Act and brought in any state court of competent jurisdiction shall be removed. By “case” is, of course, meant cause of action; and this, is true, although the petition in the. same count may state facts disclosing a’ good cause of action under a state statute or *733at common law. Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Company v. Wulf, 226 U. S. 570, 33 Sup. Ct. 135, 57 L. Ed. 355, Ann. Cas. 1914B, 134; Wabash Railroad Company v. Hayes, 234 U. S. 86, 34 Sup. Ct. 729, 58 L. Ed. 1226; Ullrich v. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Company (D. C.) 193 Fed. 768. If at the trial the proofs demonstrate that the injury arose outside of interstate commerce, and, therefore, that no recovery could be had under the federal act, the declaration may be amended, or regarded as amended, to conform to the proofs, and a recovery permitted under the statutory or common law, if the petition contains the necessary allegations. In such case, it is intimated that the plaintiff may not deprive the defendant of a right of removal otherwise existing, although whether that relief should be granted in the court below, if seasonably urged, or in the appellate court, if the point be preserved, or in both such courts, is left undecided. Wabash Railroad Company v. Hayes, supra. Enough is said, however, to indicate the recognition of a right to such relief.
¶19[2] If a cause of action arising under the federal act is coupled with one arising under a state statute or at common law, stated in the alternative in separate counts, the plaintiff preserving the right, under recognized rules of local procedure, to make his election and avail himself of either at the close of the evidence, the right of removal is presented more baldly at the threshold of the case. There is present at the same time a case arising under the federal act, and therefore, standing alone, not removable, and one not arising under that act, and therefore, the citizenship being diverse, admittedly susceptible of being removed. Must the defendant await the action of the plaintiff at the close of the evidence before claiming the right, and, if so, is his relief then clear and complete ? The Supreme Court has thus far refrained from settling such procedure, although it has intimated that the defendant should not necessarily be deprived of relief.
¶20It rests with the plaintiff to determine whether he shall state a cause of action solely under the Employers’ Riability Act, and therefore incapable of being removed, or whether he may unite with it, in the alternative, a cause of action that may be removed. If he adopts the latter course, does he not subject himself to the exercise of all the rights which a defendant may legitimately claim? Beyond question both causes of action are cognizable in the federal court, whether originally brought there or removed by consent. The provision against removal is a privilege granted to the plaintiff, which he may waive. If a cause of action containing all the elements of removability be joined with a count stating a cause of action not originally cognizable in the federal court, nevertheless the defendant may remove the former cause of action, and this will carry the entire case with it. Sharkey v. Port Blakely Mill Co. (C. C.) 92 Fed. 425. The defendant cannot be shorn of his right to remove the former action because of such a joinder, and inasmuch as the plaintiff should and has joined in one petition all causes of action arising out of the same transaction, the removal should not, and does not, have the effect of splitting such causes, retaining one in the federal court, and remitting the other to the state court. I do not think the prohibition against removal contained in the federal act is *734of greater force than the denial in the Judiciary Act of the right to bring a suit, otherwise cognizable in a federal court, in a specific jurisdiction. It is conceded that the latter inhibition may be waived, and so equally may the former.
¶21[3] I am of opinion that this entire cause of action, as presented by the pleadings, is removable; but if the question be regarded as doubtful in the present condition of the decided cases, nevertheless under the rule prevailing in this circuit the jurisdiction should be retained. Boatmen’s Bank v. Fritzlen, 135 Fed. 650, 68 C. C. A. 288.