In re Johnson

¶26CUSHMAN, District Judge.

¶27The bankrupt, prior to bankruptcy, was engaged in the hotel and retail liquor business. Petition for adjudication in bankruptcy was filed December 24, 1912. Eleven months prior thereto the bankrupt, in order to purchase the saloon, hotel furniture, and business, and secure the unexpired portion of the seller’s liquor license, borrowed $3,800 from the Pacific Coast Investment Company, for which notes were given, payable monthly, for $100 each. These notes were secured by a mortgage on chattels, including the hotel and saloon furniture and fixtures and the merchandise stock.

¶28The trustee petitioned for the sale of the personal property of the bankrupt, .on which the Pacific Coast Investment Company held this mortgage. That company appeared and objected to the sale, setting up that the property offered for sale was covered by its mortgage, executed in good faith more than four months prior to the adjudication, and that it was a good and subsisting lien. The referee overruled the objection of the petitioner and sold the property for $2,100. Whereupon the petitioner filed its petition for the distribution of the funds realized to itself. To this petition, the trustee filed an answer admitting the mortgage and alleging that it was invalid for the reason that, while it was made in the name of the Pacific Coast Investment Company, it was, in reality, a transaction wherein the Olympia Brewing Company advanced the money and received the mortgage; that, in part, it was secured upon, and given for the purchase of, the license, liquors, and saloon of the bankrupt, in violation of the laws of Washington.

¶29An amended answer was filed for the trustee, alleging, further, a subsequent transaction, whereby the bankrupt, within four months prior to bankruptcy, surrendered to petitioner the bankrupt’s liquor license,' alleged to be of the value of $666.65, and that it received such amount therefor, whereby petitioner gained an illegal preference. The referee, after taking testimony, held the mortgage invalid.

¶30[1] If it be concluded that the relation between the petitioning company and the Olympia Brewing Company was sufficiently close to warrant a finding that what was done in this matter by the Pacific Coast *183Investment Company was virtually the action of the Olympia Brewing Company, the question still remains as to the legality of the mortgage in question.

¶31The Washington statute provides:

“Section 1. That from and after the 31st day of December, 1909, it shall be unlawful for any person, persons, firm or corporation engaged In the manufacture, rectifying or bottling of spirituous, fermented malt or other intoxicating liquors or engaged in buying, selling or disposing of the same in quantiiies of five gallons or more to own all or any part of or to have any interest in the liquor, stock, fixtures or equipment of any kind whatsoever of any retail liquor store or to pay, advance or loan or become surety for the payment for any other person of the license fee required by any state law or city charter or ordinance, or to hire, engage or employ, directly or indirectly, any person, persons, firm or corporation, to manage, conduct, control or operate a place where intoxicating liquors are sold at retail, to wit, in less than five gallons at a time or to sign or become surety on any bond required by law of a retail liquor dealer.” Section 6282, Item. & Bal.; title 267, § 97, Tierce’s Code 1912.

¶32The referee concludes that a manufacturer of intoxicating liquors is forbidden by this statute to take a mortgage upon a retail liquor store, and in effect holds that such a mortgage would be an “interest” in such liquor store, within the meaning of this statute.

¶33[2] This law deprives persons of a right of contract theretofore at all limes enjoyed under the law and, in the present cause, is being invoked for tiie purpose of establishing a forfeiture, not only as to the lien of the mortgage upon those things comprising the saloon, but also those not connected with it in any way. It should therefore be strictly construed.

¶3411 will not be presumed that the Legislature intended to deprive one engaged in an authorized business of such rights, in the absence of unequivocal language. Before the contract, or any part of it, can be held illegal, it must be clearly within the prohibition of the letter and spirit of the statute, and, if there is a fair doubt as to whether it is embraced within such prohibition, the doubt will be resolved in favor of the petitioning mortgagee. 36 Cyc. 1178 to 1188.

¶35The law denies a liquor manufacturer the right to “own all or any part or to have any interest in the liquor, stock, fixtures or equipment of any kind whatsoever of any retail liquor store.” The words “have any interest,” as used here, have the same meaning as “own any interest.” If they are given a broader meaning, the words “own all or any part” are wholly superfluous, for a man who owns “all or a part” of a thing certainly has an interest in that thing. The words “any part,” as used in this act, were liable to be misunderstood and taken as meaning, for example, a case where one man owned the fixtures and equipment of a saloon and another owned the liquor. Hence the words “or to have any interest in” were inserted to deny,the manufacturer the right to have or own a fractional or undivided interest in a retail liquor store, its liquor stock, fixtures, or equipment.

¶36The statute also forbids the manufacturer loaning or becoming surety “for the payment for any other person of the license fee required by any state law” for a retail liquor store. The statute, by denying the manufacturer the right to make a loan for this purpose, impliedly authorizes a loan by the manufacturer to a retail dealer for any other pur*184pose. This under the familiar maxim, “Expressio unius est exclusio alterius.” This right to loan carries with it the right to take security upon any and all property, because such right is incidental to the right to loan, which right cannot be denied, in the absence of unequivocal language to that effect. •

¶37By this construction only can all the words of the statute be given effect. The Legislature is presumed not to have used unnecessary words in expressing-its meaning. If the word “interest,” as used, is broad enough to include a mortgagee’s lien, it is broad enough to include the right of one who “owns all or any part,” and the Legislature is thereby convicted of using useless and unnecessary words in the statute.

¶38Ownership of any article affords a different control and warrants the anticipation of a different result than that to be expected from a mortgagee’s lien. The influence and control of the mortgagee over the mortgaged property and its use would depend largely, if not entirely, upon the solvency of the mortgagor, which would not be the case with an owner.

¶39Whether the purpose, on the part of the Legislature in enacting this statute was to prevent a manufacturer of intoxicating liquors from controlling saloons, or to discourage their activity in starting saloons, as the words used in the statute are .confined to a denial of right of ownership in the saloon, there is no reason to strain the words used to include something else, because deemed capable of producing a somewhat similar result to that presumed to arise from the admitted^ condemned act. Johnson v. So. Pac., 117 Fed. 462, 54 C. C. A. 508; Id.,196 U. S. 1, 25 Sup. Ct. 158, 49 L. Ed. 363; Field v. U. S., 137 Fed. 6; 69 C. C. A. 568; Erbaugh v. U. S., 173 Fed. 433, 97 C. C. A. 663; St. Louis Merchants’ Bridge Termin. Ry. v. U. S., 188 Fed. 191, 110 C. C. A. 63.

¶40Even though this statute imposed a penalty and is invoked to justify a forfeiture, the court would have no right to disregard the obvious intent of the Legislature; but no obvious intent is manifest to include, by the word “interest,.” a mortgagee’s lien.

¶41[3] A chattel mortgagee, not in possession, has no title to the mortgaged- chattels, although he has a right or lien, which he may preserve against other creditors or grantees by recording. Silsby v. Aldridge, 1 Wash. 117, 23 Pac. 836; Binnian v. Baker, 6 Wash. 50, 32 Pac. 1008; Sayward v. Nunan, 6 Wash. 87, 32 Pac. 1022; First Nat. Bk. v. Hagan, 16 Wash. 45, 47 Pac. 223.

¶42In Ormsby v. Ottman, 85 Fed. 492, 29 C. C. A. 295, Judge Sanborn writing the opinion, where a statute authorizing service by publication in suits to quiet title was involved, the language of the statute being “adverse estate or interest,” it was held that the word “interest” would include a mortgagee’s lien, and that the mortgagee might be served by publication. The court apparently concedes that generally the word “interest” means an estate, but, in the statutes before it for consideration, held (partly in view of the in pari materia · Case Law">statutes in pari materia and upon consideration of the very object of a suit ten quiet title) that the word “interest” included the claim of a mortgagee. Ordinarily an interest would *185mean an estate, but its being coupled in the disjunctive with the word “estate” would tend to show that it was used in another sense. One of the statutes before the court in that case, held to be in pari materia with the one in question, provided for service by publication “when any defendant has or claims a lien or interest.”

¶43The Washington statute in, the present case is not one of procedure. It takes away a right of contract and is invoked to justify a forfeiture, and the interpretation is rather to be controlled by the rule adopted in the following cases, in which it has been held that the word “interest” does not include or describe a mortgagee’s lien. Williams v. Santa Clara Min. Ass’n, 66 Cal. 193, 5 Pac. 85-91; Adams v. Colonial & U. S. Mortg. Co., 82 Miss. 263, 34 South. 482, 488, 17 L. R. A. (N. S.) 138, 100 Am. St. Rep. 633; Garrett v. Fernauld, 63 Fla. 434, 57 South. 671; Sterns-Rogers Mfg, Co. v. Aztec Gold Min. & Mill. Co., 14 N. M. 300, 93 Pac. 706; Alexander v. Cleland, 13 N. M. 524, 86 Pac. 425; Morrison v. Clarksburg Coal & Coke Co., 52 W. Va. 331, 43 S. E. 102, 106. .

¶44The title to the act in question is:

“An act to prohibit any manufacturer of or wholesale dealer in intoxicating liquor from owning, operating or having any financial interest in any saloon or other retail liquor store or in any retail liquor license in the state of Washington or to become surety on any liquor dealer’s bond and providing penalties for violation thereof.” Laws 1909, p. 182.

¶45[4] As long as the body of the act is not ambiguous, there is no> reason to resort to its title for a key to^ its interpretation. The Constitution of the state of Washington provides:

“No bill shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.” Article 2, § 19.

¶46Under such provision, the title to an act should be as broad or broader than the body of the act, and, if-the title aptly includes that which is expressed in the body of the law, it has served its purpose, and the broadening of the scope of the body of the act in violation of its terms would not be warranted merely because a broader meaning could be given the words of the title. 36 Cyc. 1133.

¶47[5] Of the 83,800 secured by the mortgage, $800 was loaned to the bankrupt to buy the unexpired portion of a liquor license. Considering this as the loan “of the license fee” prohibited by statute, does it require the rejection of petitioner’s claim to the proceeds of the sale of the mortgaged property?

¶48The second section of the act provides:

“Whoever violates any of the provisions of section 1 of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and for the first offense shall be fined in any sum not less than one hundred (100) dollars nor more than five hundred (B0Ó) dollars or to be imprisoned in the county jail for not less than thirty (30) days nor more than six (6) months and any money paid, advanced or loaned in violation of this act, for any license, by any such person, persons, firm or corporation mentioned in section one (1) of this act shall be forfeited to the city, county or state, as the case may be.” Rem. & Bal. § 6283; Pierce’s Code 1912, tit. 267, § 99.

¶49The thing prohibited not being malum in se, and one strict penalty being imposed by the act expressly, the greater weight of authority *186in the national courts, applying the rule of “expressio unius est exclu-sio alterius,” is that no legislative intent is shown to invalidate such a contract as that here in question.

“There is another equally well-settled rule of law, so far as the national courts are concerned. When a statute imposes specific penalties for its violation, where the act is not malum in se, and the purpose of the statute can be accomplished without declaring contracts in violation thereof illegal, the inference is that it was not the intention of the lawmakers to render such contracts illegal and unenforceable. Harris v. Runnels, 12 How. 79, 13 L. Ed. 901; Farmers’, etc., Nat. Bank v. Dearing, 91 U. S. 29, 23 L. Ed. 196; National Bank v. Matthews, 98 U. S. 621, 25 L. Ed. 188; Barnet v. National Bank, 98 U. S. 555, 25 L. Ed. 212; Louisiana v. Wood, 102 U. S. 294, 298, 26 L. Ed. 153; Fritts v. Palmer, 132 U. S. 282, 289, 293, 10 Sup. Ct. 93; 33 L. Ed. 317; Central Transportation Co. v. Pullman Co., 139 U. S. 24, 60, 11 Sup. Ct. 478, 35 L. Ed. 55; Logan County Bank v. Townsend, 139 U. S. 67, 11 Sup. Ct. 496, 35 L. Ed. 107; Merchants’ Cotton Press Co. v. Insurance Co., 151 U. S. 368, 388, 14 Sup. Ct. 367, 38 L. Ed. 195; Pullman Co. v. Central Transportation Co., 171 U. S. 138, 18 Sup. Ct. 808, 43 L. Ed. 108; Connely v. Union Sewer Pipe Co., 184 U. S. 540, 545, 22 Sup. Ct. 431, 46 L. Ed. 679; Yates v. Jones National Bank, 206 U. S. 158, 179, 27 Sup. Ct. 638, 51 L. Ed. 1002; Hanover National Bank v. First National Bank, 109 Fed. 421, 426, 48 C. C. A. 482, 487; Dunlop v. Mercer, supra; Boatmen’s Bank v. Fritzlen (C. C.) 175 Fed. 183.” In re T. H. Bunch Co. (D. C.), 180 Fed. 519, at 527.

¶50Before determining whether the foregoing rule is controlling in the present case, inquiry should first be had as to whether the contracts secured by the mortgage are several, and, if so, whether the tainted portions can be rejected, and yet leave sufficient of petitioner’s claim unsatisfied to cover the amount realized from the sale.

¶51A separate check was drawn to the bankrupt for $800 and another for $3,000. All of the testimony, both that for the petitioner and that of the witnesses produced by the trustee, is to' the effect, that the $800 was for the purchase of the license, and that the first eight notes of $100 maturing were for the payment of this part of the money loaned, and that each of these notes was paid long prior to bankruptcy. This is likewise corroborated' by the manner in which the account was kept, in petitioner’s books.

¶52, Under this state of facts, the contract is clearly severable, and that portion of the notes given for the purchase of the hotel, store, liquors, and equipment and the mortgage securing the same are valid. Gelpcke v. City of Dubuque, 68 U. S. (1 Wall.) 221, 17 L. Ed. 519; Borland v. Prindle, Weeden & Co. (C. C.) 144 Fed. 713; U. S. Consol. S. R. Co. v. Griffin, etc., Co., 126 Fed. 364, 61 C. C. A. 334 (C. C. A. 9th Cir.); Glucose Sugar Refin. Co. v. City of Marshalltown (C. C.) 153 Fed. 620; Minn. Sandstone Co. v. Clark, 35 Wash. 466, 77 Pac. 803; McDonald v. Neilson, 2 Cow. (N. Y.) 139, 14 Am. Dec. 431, 436; 27 Cyc. 1130g; 15 Am. & Eng. Encyc. Law, 990 (2d Ed.). The foregoing rule is applicable to* a mortgage where part of that secured by'it is valid and part secured is invalid. U. S. v. Bradley, 35 U. S. 343, at 360, 9 L. Ed. 448; Corbett v. Woodward, Fed. Cas. No. 3,223; In re Stowe, Fed. Cas. No. 13,513; Mills v. Hudmon & Co., 175 Ala. 448, 57 South. 739; First Nat. Bank v. Ashmead, 33 Fla. 416, 14 South. 886. It has been held that an illegal contract, which, at its inception, was entire, may still be severed in its performance and part of it legalized thereby- Fore*187man v. Ahl, 55 Pa. 325; 15 Am. & Eng. Encyc. Law (2d Ed.) 991, note D.

¶53Hazelton v. Sheckells, 202 U. S. 71, 78, 26 Sup. Ct. 567, 50 L. Ed. 939, 6 Ann. Cas. 217; Miller v. Ammon, 145 U. S. 421-427, 12 Sup. Ct. 884, 36 L. Ed. 759; Gibbs v. Baltimore Gas Co., 130 U. S. 396, 9 Sup. Ct. 553, 32 L. Ed. 979; Grover v. Zook, 44 Wash. 489, at 501, 87 Pac. 638, 7 L. R. A. (N. S.) 582, 120 Am. St. Rep. 1012, 12 Ann. Cas. 192; Horseman v. Horseman, 43 Or. 83, 72 Pac. 698; Potter v. Potter, 43 Or. 149, 72 Pac. 702 — have been cited. These were all cases where the contract in question was not severable; where there was no measure by which to gauge the illegal part of the consideration as against that which was undertaken to be performed. The distinction between such a contract, and one such as is here involved is plainly indicated in the last two cases, in one of which the opinion was written by Judge Wol-verton and iti the other by Judge Beau.

¶54It has been held “where the consideration of a contract consists of several different elements, and no apportionment or separate valuation, or means of apportionment or valuation of the different elements of the consideration is made by the parties,” that “the entire contract will be held illegal, if one of the elements of the consideration is immoral or against public policy.” 15 Am. & Eng. Encyc. of Law (2d Ed.) 989, note 1. In the present case the means of appraisement and valuation of the consideration is made by the parties, for dollars were borrowed and dollars were promised in return. They are themselves a measure of value. Having' reached this conclusion, it is not necessary to determine whether the Pacific Coast Investment Company and the Olympia Brewing Company should be held identical.

¶55[8] The conclusion reached is not affected by the fact that subsequently, in another transaction, the bankrupt surrendered to the petitioner another liquor license certificate with his right thereto and for which petitioner had loaned him the license fee, and that the petitioner has disposed of the same for $666.65, which it refuses to surrender to the trustee.

¶56The right asserted by the petitioner to the proceeds of the sale of the mortgaged property (a right to a res) is not such a claim as, under section 57g of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended, will be disallowed until the surrender of an illegal preference obtained. Even were it considered as an ordinary claim, not arising out of an entirely separate transaction, the greater weight of authority is against its disallowance. Collier on Bankruptcy (10th Ed.) 733, notes 160, 161.

¶57[7] The petitioner, having ratified the sale made by the trustee by petitioning for the proceeds of the sale, is held liable for the expense attendant thereon, including the rent for the premises, where the mortgaged chattels were kept after the appointment of the trustee, and also while the receiver was in possession. But the petitioner is not required to pay any other charges or expenses, nor any attorneys’ fees incurred by the receiver or trustee. In re J. H. Alison Lbr. Co. (D. C.) 137 Fed. 643.

¶58The referee’s order is disapproved.