¶1Maxon prosecuted Johnson in the court below for an alleged false imprisonment, and the latter sought to defend himself by showing that the imputed- trespass consisted of an arrest and imprisonment by means of a proceeding under the non-imprisonment act. The court excluded the defense, on the ground that the proceedings in question were absolutely void. The arguments from the bar before us were quite elaborate, and directed to several points which we need not consider. According to the view taken, the case may be decided upon one general ground, and the judgment formed upon that naturally excludes several topics which were assumed in the argument as pertinent to the controversy. It is very material to confine our survey to the nature and form of the remedy chosen by the plaintiff *134. below, and the substance of the issue presented, because, unless this is done, the essential and true point may be obscured by extraneous matters, or by such as have only an incidental bearing upon the case. The suit was not for malicious arrest or malicious prosecution, nor for a malicious conviction, nor for an abuse of process. The remedy selected by Maxon was trespass, and the party sought to be charged was not the magistrate who officiated in the non-imprisonment proceedings, but a person alleged to have promoted those proceedings as an agent of the creditor. The ground, and the only ground, for the action was that the plaintiff was imprisoned under color of process claimed by him to be void, and which the defendant insisted was not void, and the fundamental question litigated was whether the justice acted with or without any jurisdiction. If the process was irregular, or wrongly or improvidently issued, if it was sued out through bad or indefensible motives, and yet was not absolutely void, the imprisonment was not false in any sense adequate to support the charge preferred. If it was wholly void, and yet was obtained or allowed in perfect good faith and without any wrong motive, not only Johnson, if sufficiently connected with the proceeding, but the magistrate also was liable. The right to maintain trespass in the form here adopted on the theory that the justice had no jurisdiction, was as perfect against the latter as against Johnson. If the proceeding was adequate to protect the magistrate against an action of trespass in this form, it was sufficient to protect the defendant.
¶2The leading objection made by Maxon to the proceeding was not that process of the kind employed was in no case within the jurisdiction of the justice, or not within his jurisdiction in proceedings under the non-imprisonment act, nor was it that any particular fact as a ground of process was wholly unproved. But it was *135that the matters laid before the justice as evidence to authorize a warrant not only did not make out a prima facie case, but had no legal tendency to prove what the statute required. In passing upon this objection it will not only be necessary to recur to the evidence laid before the justice, but to confine the inquiry to such evidence. For on this point the nature of the specific issue excludes any consideration of facts which Johnson or the justice may have otherwise known, or which Maxon may have been able to prove. And it may be further observed in this connection, for the purpose of making the point as clear as practicable, and relieving it of matters which have no legal influence upon it, that, so far as appears, the acts complained of by Maxon occurred while the proceedings before the justice had all the force which his decision in their favor could give them, and that no evidence was admitted in the court below that any of such proceedings had subsequently been set aside or annulled. But if the defendant in error had proved that a, commissioner or the circuit court, on habeas corpus, or some inferior tribunal, in a collateral inquiry, had decided against the jurisdiction of the justice, we should not be concluded thereby on this writ of error.
¶3Having attempted to explain the general nature and limits of the present question, we may proceed to a more particular examination. As already intimated, the plaintiff below assumed by his action, and claimed on the argument, that the proceedings before the justice were not merely voidable, but absolutely void for inadequacy of proof, and in order to support this position he was compelled to argue in substance that we must hold these proceedings void, unless it should appear to us that the evidence not -only tended to make out a case but certainly established a prima facie one. The character of this proposition naturally directs us to the statute itself, to see if we can gather from thence *136the sense of the legislature on the subject. By § 5890, Gomp. L., the warrant is not to issue unless “satisfactory evidence” is adduced to the officer, of certain prescribed particulars which are intended as the groundwork of the proceeding. By the next section it is provided that “ upon such proof being made to the satisfaction, of the officer to whom the application shall be made, he shall issue a warrant” When, therefore, this “ satisfactory evidence” is made, the law gives the right, to the process and makes it the duty of the officer to issue it, But this is not all; it is fairly inferable from the terms of the act that the sufficiency of the evidence, when not wholly wanting in regard to any material fact, is, as to the point of jurisdiction, for the officer ■ applied to. While evidence by the affidavit of the creditor or of' some other person or persons is, to be adduced to support each of the statutory requisites to endow the officer with jurisdiction, the “proof,” or extent of-the effect, or conclusiveness of the evidence, is to be such as to satisfy the officer. In this respect the legis- ’ lature seem to have chosen the words with a cautious regard to the duty. and ■ responsibility they meant to cast upon the officer. Assuming -that he would act in good faith and without malice, and would require evidence to support every required fact- before awarding process, the law does not make his jurisdiction depend upon the weight of the evidence in the- abstract, or on the conflicting opinions of. different courts- or magistrates, respecting the cogency or conclusiveness of such evidence. The jurisdiction is to vest, if the “proof” is satisfactory to him. He is not required to exercise his judgment upon the sufficiency of the evidence when no point is without any, at the peril of being made liable as a trespasser if he happens to be mistaken. His decision may involve an error to be. corrected and still be unassailable for defect of jurisdiction. The correct *137rule in this class of cases was clearly stated by Bronson, Ch. J., in Miller v. Brinkerhoff, 4 Denio, 118, and reasserted in Staples v. Fairchild, 8 Comstock, 41 by Jewett, Ch. J. Judge Bronson said: “When certain facts are to be proved to a court of special and limited jurisdiction, as a ground for issuing process, if there be a total defect of evidence as. to any essential fact, the process will be declared void in whatever form the question may arise. This is sufficiently established by the cases cited at the bar, as well as by many others to be found, in. the books. But when the proof has a legal tendency to make out a. proper case in all its parts for issuing the process, then, although the proof may be slight and inconclusive, the process will he valid until it is. set aside by a direct proceeding for that purpose. In one case the court acts: without authority; in the other, it only errs in judgment upon a question properly before- it. for adjudication. — Matter of Faulkner, 4 Hill, 598.; Harman v. Brotherson, 1 Denio, 537; Vosburgh v. Welch, 11 Johns., 175; Tollman v. Bigelow, 10 Wend., 420. In one case there is a defect of jurisdiction; in the other, there is only an error of judgment. Want of jurisdiction makes the act void; but a mistake concerning the. just weight and importance of evidence only makes the act erroneous,- and it. will stand good until reversed”
¶4The rule thus laid down is replete with good, sense and conformable to justice. But the doctrine contended for by defendant in error would make the law a snare to magistrates and suitors and tend to subvert the remedy. As a matter of propriety and prudence, all magistrates ought, to require, in cases of this, description, very clear and-cogent evidence; but their jurisdiction cannot depend upon the view whicli other officers of equal or higher grade may take of “the just weight.and importance” of the evidence.. If, therefore, in the present instance, the evidence laid *138before the justice had a legal tendency to make out a case in all its parts, then, however weak and inconclusive that evidence was in our opinion or in that of the circuit court, the latter was not at liberty, in this case, to review it and convert the acts of Johnson into trespasses, solely upon a conclusion that the justice ought not to have been satisfied with the showing.
¶5It was suggested upon the argument, but not much pressed, that the creditors intended to be defrauded should have been shown to be judgment creditors. But it is plain from the nature of the remedy and the framework of the act that the proceeding was intended- to be available when there should be no judgment creditors at all. The first clause of § 6890 gives the remedy when the defendant is about to remove any of his property out of the jurisdiction of the court in which the suit is brought with intent to defraud his creditor or creditors; the third, when he has assigned, removed or disposed of, or is about to dispose ofi any of his property, with the intent to defraud his creditor or creditors; and the fourth, when he fraudulently contracted the debt or incurred the obligation then in suit.
¶6These clauses thus imply clearly that the proceeding is appropriate under either of them when there is but one creditor, and when he has proceeded no further towards a judicial liquidation of his claim than the commencement of a suit. The second clause, however, makes special provision for a class of cases where demands have passed into judgments or -decrees, and in those the unjust refusal to apply money, etc., in payment, is declared a ground for proceeding. The exceptional and peculiar character of this provision affords a strong presumption in favor of the inference drawn from the terms of the other clauses; and other' portions of the act, and especially § 6896 and the two following sections, favor the same view. The conclusion is. *139therefore, warranted that the creditor intended'to be defrauded need not appear to be a creditor by judgment or decree, when the complaint is based on any of the clauses first quoted.
¶7Having attempted to elucidate the real question involved in this branch of the case, we may proceed to a direct examination of the evidence laid before the justice as a ground for the arrest. That evidence was contained in the affidavits of Johnson and the sheriff, and was intended to establish a case under the first and third clauses of the statute. It will suffice to consider it in its application to the requirements of the first clause. Because, if the showing was such as to confer jurisdiction under that, a failure under another would not militate against Johnson’s defense. The existence of a demand by White against Maxon upon contract, and the pendency of a suit thereon at White’s instance, before the justice applied to for the warrant, were positively affirmed by plaintiff in error, and the position of Maxon assumes that these facts were shown. The affidavits also showed that such suit was commenced by attachment which was in the hands of the sheriff for service; that, just before the complaint was made to the justice, Maxon had sold and conveyed his house and lot to one Beach, for six hundred and twenty dollars; that Beach had paid three hundred and twenty-four dollars in money to Maxon, and given his note and mortgage to a third person, namely, one Alexander M. Johnson, who had paid Maxon forty-five dollars in money and two gold watches, valued at two hundred and fifty dollars, making in property and money received by Maxon for his house and lot, six hundred and nineteen dollars; that Maxon had also then recently been packing up his goods and other personal property in trunks and boxes in a convenient form for removal; that he had stated to the plaintiff in error, that *140he intended to leave Bay City and remove to the state of New York, in a day or two; that the sheriff had searched for property on which to levy the attachment, and when doing so informed Maxon that he wished to levy it on one of the gold watches before mentioned, and inquired where .it was, when Maxon gave him false information and- then instantly repaired to the place where it was and took it and attached it to his person, and refused to allow it to be levied on.
¶8These circumstances were certainly relevant to prove, .and, unexplained and uncontradicted, had a very strong tendency to prove, the main facts in the case, except one to be noticed presently. They certainly conduced to show that Maxon was about to remove beyond the. jurisdiction, and carry with him all the property apparently belonging to him. The plaintiff in error testified that he believed such removal was intended by Maxon. to defraud White. This -intent of Maxon was a circumstance incapable, from its' nature, of being sworn to positively by a third person, and hence the legislature could not have intended to require positive proof. If the fact thus, asserted on belief, and, properly asserted in that form, actually existed, it was provable by facts and circumstances; and the facts and circumstances positively sworn to were in the proper line, of proof to show that the belief of the plaintiff in error was well founded. When combined, did they furnish any evidence however “slight and inconclusive” that the intent imputed to Maxon actually existed? This question is not to be- settled by metaphysical refinements, or conjectures: or suppositions, or by imagining the existence of other facts not. appearing. Its solution may depend on the natural force and efficacy of the facts in generating a belief as a consequence of those connections which are shown by experience, irrespective of any legal relation. Now, Maxon *141must have had some purpose iu making the change in his-affairs shown by the affidavits. Was that purpose wholly unconnected with White’s attempted enforcement of his demand? In preparing to go to New York, in converting his real estate into a form of personal property most convenient to avoid Michigan creditors, in packing up, and in preserving his watch from levy by falsehood and deception, did Maxon furnish no tangible, and visible evidence of an internal purpose to place his property beyond the jurisdiction in order to defeat White’s effort to make collection? Do the combined incidents stated in the affidavits, with the just and reasonable inferences from them, incline the mind to an opinion'that Maxon meant to elude the subjection of his property to White’s debt? These inquiries seem -to admit of but one answer. The moral connection which is shown by experience and observation to exist between acts and motives compels the understanding to regard Maxon’s behavior as tending to show the design charged upon him. The intrinsic character of the evidence was, therefore, such as to present a question for the judgment of the justice upon the weight and conclusiveness of the evidence, and, as a consequence to invest the magistrate with jurisdiction. But while this is so we cannot avoid adding that the case made before the justice was, in’our opinion, altogether too weak to serve as a ground for a warrant.
¶9It remains to notice two other objections of defendant in error to the proceedings under the non-imprisonment act. The first is based upon the circumstance that when those proceedings were commenced, White’s attachment had been levied upon' what is claimed to have been sufficient of Maxon’s goods and chattels to satisfy the debt; and it is insisted that this fact, of its own force, rendered -the proceedings voidj and may consequently be shown in this action to deprive them of all efficacy as a shield of defense for Johnson.
¶10*142This position was sought to be supported on the hearing by an argument drawn from the rule which invalidates executions upon judgments which have been paid and when the debtor has been discharged in bankruptcy, and likewise where, as is not the case here, the judgment or principal proceeding has been set aside or annulled. But the assumed analogy will not hold. In all these instances the given consequence is inevitable, since the act which produced it operates directly, certainly and conclusively, and forces a determinate result. Payment or legal discharge is a final definite fact which speaks for itself, and necessarily involves a deprivation of jurisdiction as to any further process to enforce the judgment. And where an actor, under proceedings which will protect him while they stand, is made liable to false imprisonment after the proceedings are set aside or annulled by an order or judgment which must be respected when collaterally in question, he becomes exposed to the liability as a consequence of the retrospective operation of the latter order or judgment, whereby it reaches back and in legal effect annihilates the proceedings and inclusively destroys their protective power. In each of these instances, the substantive fact itself being proved or admitted, the consequence is definitely ascertained, and all chance for alternative or variable results completely excluded. A levy, however, at most, is merely a step towards the satisfaction of the demand, is equivocal in its consequences, and may, as it often does, on many and obvious grounds, prove wholly abortive. And it cannot be allowed the same effect upon the point of jurisdiction as obtains in the cases suggested, without ascribing to it an inherent, final and determinate force and operation, which are foreign to its nature and import.
¶11There is surely much reason for contending, that while a valid levy subsists on sufficient personal property, it is irreg*143ular to commence proceedings under this statute, and that a party proceeded against in both ways simultaneously may allege the same for error. But the jurisdiction ought not to be assailed in an indirect manner on this ground, through the medium of an action for false imprisonment like the present.
¶12The only case brought to our attention bearing directly on this point, is that of the Commonwealth v. O’Hara, in a district court in Pennsylvania. — Law Register for Oct., 1867, p. 766. But there the respondent raised the question in the course of the proceedings before the judge who issued the warrant, and the ruling referred to was directly made in the same case. There were two objections; one founded on the bankrupt act, and the other on the fact established by the respondent, that a levy on his personal property was pending when the proceedings were commenced. The judge decided that both objections were “well taken, and in stating his opinion on the last, he' said that the warrant was not regularly issued and could not be enforced pending the levy; but he did not intimate that his process was absolutely void.
¶13The last question which we need consider, is upon the objection of defendant in error, that the act referred to is unconstitutional. In support of this objection, it is said that the remedy contemplated is a 'criminal prosecution within the meaning of § 28 of Article VI. of the Constitution, and being required to be carried on before a judicial officer without a jury, the statute is void.
¶14This proposition is believed to be wholly untenable. It is true that in Bromley v. The People, 7 Mich., 472, this court, as then constituted, was equally divided in opinion as to whether a proceeding under the act belonged to the domain of civil or criminal remedies, and two members of the court thought it was of a punitory or quasi-criminal *144character, of the same grade or class as proceedings for contempt. The present point was not involved or referred to. The opinion which maintained this view was delivered by my brother Campbell, and it in no manner countenanced the idea that the proceeding was criminal in any such sense as to make the intervention of a jury necessary. On the contrary, in classing it with the statutory methods in this state and New York, for prosecuting contempts, which have never embraced or been considered as requiring a jury trial, he impliedly excluded the notion that such a trial would be essential. Whatever may be the correct rule upon the point debated in Bromley v. The People, there is nothing in either of the opinions there given, which lends any support to the position of defendant in error, and no authority is recollected which favors it.
¶15The final result is, that the non-imprisonment act is not impugned by the Constitution, as claimed, and that the proceedings before the justice were not void for want of jurisdiction, as urged on behalf of defendant in error, and, therefore, that they were legally admissible upon the trial as a ground of defense by Johnson to the cause of action set up against him, and, consequently, that the judgment of the circuit court ought to be reversed with costs and a new trial ordered.