majority">The Chief Justice

delivered the opinion of the court.

In the action of trespass de bonis asportatis damages are allowed upon two grounds, viz: 1. By way of compensation for the loss of the goods. 2. As vindictive or exemplary damages for a wanton or malicious injury to the rights or feelings of the plaintiff, as a public example to prevent a repetition of the act. Where the trespass is accompanied by no circumstances of aggravation, the value of the property to the plaintiff at the time of the injury, with interest, furnishes ordinarily the measure of damages. Pacific Ins. Co. v. Conrad, Bald. 138; Sedgwick on Damages 549.

Where there are no circumstances of aggravation where vindictive or exemplary damages are not claimed, the measure of damages is compensation to the plaintiff for his loss. And hence, when the goods taken by the trespasser are restored to the plaintiff, and accepted by him, that fact may be shown in mitigation of damages. It will not, indeed, justify the tort nor absolve the tort-feasor from the legal consequences of his wrongful act; but it will show that the plaintiff has sustained less injury, and is consequently entitled to less damages by way of compensation than he otherwise would have been. 2 Rolls’ Ab. 569, pl. 3; Com. Dig. “ Trespass ” B 4; Bac. Ab. “ Trespass ” E 2.

So if the property, while iu the hands of the trespasser, be attached or taken in execution upon process issued at the suit of a third party against the owner of the goods, and they be thus applied by sanction of law in satisfaction of the owner’s debt, or otherwise for his benefit, that fact, the cases agree, may be shown in mitigation of damages. Higgins v. Whitney, 24 Wend. 379 ; Squire v. Hollenbeck, 9 Pick. 551 ; Sherry v. Schuyler, 2 Hill 204; Irish v. Cloyes, 8 Verm. 30.

But it is said, that although if taken out of the hands of the wrongdoer by legal process at the instance of a third party, that fact may be shown in mitigation of damages; the rule does not apply where the process is sued out by the trespasser himself, because the trespasser cannot mitigate damages by showing that he had himself applied the property to the owner’s use without his consent. Hanmer v. Wilsey, 17 Wend. *34891; Otis v. Jones, 21 Ib. 394; Higgins v. Whitney, 24 Ib. 379.

So far as the question of compensation to the plaintiff is concerned, it is obviously immaterial whether the goods are taken from the wrongdoer- by process sued out by the wrongdoer himself or by a third party. In either event they are applied to the plaintiff’s use, and his loss, by reason of the trespass, is diminished as much in the one case as in the other. Upon the mere question of compensation, the distinction sought to be established is without foundation. If the distinction exist, it must rest upon principles of policy or upon some ground distinct from the mere right of the plaintiff to compensation for his loss.

And it was accordingly held by the Supreme Court of New York that the evidence was inadmissible, because the trespasser cannot by any act of his own, without the plaintiff’s consent, relieve himself from the consequence of his tort, or deprive the plaintiff of redress for the injury inflicted. It is true that the trespasser cánnot by his own mere act either restore the property to the plaintiff, or apply it to his use, without his consent. Nor can the trespasser appropriate the property . wrougfully seized either to pay a debt due to himself or to any other creditor, except by consent of the debtor or by sanction of law. But where the goods are seized in the hands of the trespasser by legal process, and applied to the payment of the debts of the owner, they are not so applied by the act of the tort-feasor, but by act and operation of law. And, upon principle, it is perfectly immaterial whether the machinery of law be set in operation by a third party or by the tort-feasor himself. In either event the property of the plaintiff, unlawfully taken from his possession, is by sanction of law taken from the trespasser, and applied to the use of the owner. As a matter of right and justice, therefore, he is entitled to so.much less damages as a compensation for his injury.

It is clear, moreover, that the ownership of the goods is unchanged by the tort. They remain in the hands of the trespasser liable to be seized by legal process against the owner, and thus appropriated to his use. Any creditor may thus sue *349out process, seize and appropriate them. It cannot be contended that the trespasser has forfeited his rights as a creditor, or that he has not the same right to sue and attach the goods as any other creditor has. And if the goods may thus be legally taken from the defendant’s possession, and applied to the plaintiff’s use, it is difficult to conceive of any rule of law or principle of justice which would compel the trespasser to respond for the value of the goods, or permit the plaintiff to recover their full value, by way of compensation.

In the case now under consideration, the goods were originally seized by virtue of an attachment issued by a justice, for an amount beyond his jurisdiction. The process was consequently void, and the plaintiff in the attachment and the officer who served the process became liable as trespassers. It cannot be denied that the plaintiff had a right to sue out a second and valid attachment, and that it was not only the right, but the duty of the officer to attach the same goods to answer the claim of the plaintiff'. And if, by operation and judgment, of law, the goods were applied to the plaintiff’s use, his damages resulting from the unlawful act were pro tanto diminished, and it would seem to be perfectly immaterial, so far as the question of damages resulting from the trespass is concerned, whether the attachment was sued out by A. or by B., or whether the property was applied to pay a debt of the plaintiff or of any of the creditors who came in under the attachment.

The force of the objection consists in the position, that the act of the wrongdoer, after the trespass has been committed, and the right of the plaintiff to redress is consummate, cannot divest the plaintiff of any part of his remedy. It is not contended that it can purge the tort, but merely that it may qualify the injury which the plaintiff has received.

There are numerous authorities which, by analogy, sustain the position.

Thus, in an action by an executor against an executor de son tori, the defendant may show in mitigation of damages the due payment of the debts of the decedent. Whitehall v. Squire, Carth. 104 ; 2 Saund. P. and E. 888 ; Buller’s N. P. 48.

*350He cannot plead in justification payment of the debts to the value of the goods ; but, upon the general issue, those payments shall be recognized in damages. 2 Phil. Ed. 125.

In Prescott v. Wright (6 Mass. 20), which was an action of trover by a defendant in execution against a constable who levied the execution after it was returnable, the court held that the levy was without legal authority and a conversion. “ But,” say the court, “ as the defendant paid a debt due from ’the plaintiff out of the proceeds, this fact may mitigate the damages.” The same principle was adopted in Caldwell v. Eaton, 5 Mass. 404.

In Pierce v. Benjamin (14 Pick. 356), the plaintiff sued in trover for goods taken and sold by a tax collector under a tax warrant. The goods were sold in violation of law, and the proceeds applied in part payment of the plaintiff’s tax. It was held that the defendant, by virtue of his unlawful proceedings, became liable as a trespasser ah initio, but that the amount of the proceeds of the sale applied toward the payment of the plaintiff’s tax must be deducted from the value of the goods in ascertaining the amount of damages.

The court say, “ The general rule of damages in actions of trover is unquestionably the value of the property taken at the time of its conversion. But there are exceptions and qualifications of this rule, as plain and well established as the rule itself. Whenever the property is returned, and received by the plaintiff, the rule does not apply; and when the property itself has been sold, and the proceeds applied to the payment of the plaintiff’s debt, or otherwise to his use, the reason of the rule ceases, and justice forbids its application. In all such eases the facts may be shown in mitigation of damages.” Accord Blake v. Johnson, 1 New Hamp. 91.

Judge Greenleaf, one of the most accurate of elementary writers, lays down the rule with equal clearness : “ If the property, in whole or in part, has been applied to the payment of the plaintiff’s debt, or otherwise to his use, this may be considered by the jury as diminishing the injury, and consequently the damages.” 2 Greenl. Ed. § 276.

The rule, it may be admitted, is too broadly stated. The un*351authorized appropriation by a trespasser of the goods wrongfully taken to pay the owner’s debts, it may be, would be inadmissible in evidence in mitigation of damages. But if the goods wrongfully taken be thus appropriated, either by the consent of the owner or by sanction and operation of law, there would seem to be no just ground for questioning the soundness of the principle. In Lamb v. Day and Peck, 8 Verm. 407, the plaintiff brought an action of trespass against the attaching officer and the plaintiff in attachment for unlawfully using a horse, the property attached. The plaintiff in attachment subsequently recovered judgment, and the horse was sold, by virtue of an execution, in satisfaction of the judgment. The defendants were held trespassers ab initio by reason of the unlawful use of the horse. But the court said, “ placing the liability of the defendants on the footing of-the original taking as an act of trespass, still the ultimate disposition of the horse is material to the question of damages ; and as the property was applied in satisfaction of the plaintiff’s debt, that circumstance serves to reduce the damages accordingly.”

In Stewart v. Martin, 16 Verm. 397, the constable, having seized property by virtue of mesne process of attachment out of his jurisdiction, was sued in trespass for such taking. It was held that the defendant might show, in mitigation of damages, that, having taken the property to a place within his jurisdiction, he attached it there, on the same process as the property of the same debtor, after the action of trespass had been commenced against him. The same rule was adopted in Board v. Head, 3 Danas Rep. 489, 494.

So in Briggins v. Grove, Cromp. & J. 36, it was held that where a distress was taken and sold unlawfully without previous appraisement, the party distrained on can only recover the value of the goods distrained less the amount of rent due, though he may recover special damages for the illegal sale.

It is true it was held in Sowell v. Champion, 6 Ad. & El. 407, that where goods are seized under process upon a regular judgment in a place to which the process did' not run, the plaintiff might recover the whole value of the goods, and not the mere damages sustained by their being taken in a wrong *352place. In delivering the opinion, Denman, C. J., says, “ parlies are not to extort what is justly due by the improper execution of a warrant.” That may well be. But it must be borne in mind that exemplary or vindictive damages may in all proper cases be given for a trespass committed under color of legal process. And whenever a plaintiff, or the officer serving process, shall wantonly or injuriously attach or take in execution the property of the defendant without lawful authority, a jury may repress the evil and redress the injury by awarding exemplary damages. But it is not perceived that a regard either for public justice or the rights of individuals can require that a plaintiff who sues out process in good faith which proves to be void, or the officer who executes such process, shall be thereby estopped from suing out or executing valid process upon the property thus wrongfully taken, or that the party injured shall be thereby entitled to recover the full value of the property in damages, although they were lawfully appropriated in satisfaction of his own debt.

If the evidence be competent by way of mitigating damages, it is clearly admissible under the general issue. It could not be specially pleaded. Pleas in bar are in discharge of the action, and every plea must he pleaded to the action. A plea to the damages merely is vicious. Matters in mitigation, therefore, cannot be pleaded, and can only be given in evidence under the general issue. 2 Greenl. § 625; 1 Chit. Pl. (7th ed.) 539, 541 ; Demick v. Chapman, 11. J. R. 132.

The judgment must be reversed, and a venire de novo awarded.

Cited in Outcalt v. Darling, 1 Dutch. 418.

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