¶1dissenting. This dissenting opinion relates to an issue whose time, I believe, has come. The thesis of this dissent is that the state, through its judicial *320branch, cannot impose a standard of morality devised by judges upon parents of a child when a determination must be made concerning the loss of permanent custody of the child by the parents to a third party.
¶2This habeas corpus action was brought by the paternal grandparents of a nine-year-old child to secure temporary and permanent custody of the child. They contended that the child was living in a "commune-type environment which is immoral, unwholesome and deleterious to the welfare and well being” of the child.
¶3The trial judge conducted a hearing, heard testimony from thirteen witnesses which when transcribed consisted of approximately three hundred (300) pages, and he then entered a judgment granting permanent custody of the child to the paternal grandparents. This appeal is from that judgment.
¶4The record discloses that the natural parents are both graduates of Harvard where they were National Merit Scholars. They were divorced several years ago and the mother was awarded permanent custody of the child.
¶5There is no evidence in the record that the child’s physical needs were not being cared for. There is no evidence in the record that the child was neglected, abused, or mistreated in any way. There was evidence in the record that the child attended school and church regularly.
¶6Dr. Lila Bonner Miller, an Internist and Psychiatrist, after examining the child and those with whom she lived, testified:"... She is a great little girl and whatever happened to her is really pretty fine. I don’t think it is one person. I think it is a lot of people loving her. This child has felt love, there is no doubt about that.” Dr. Miller further testifed that in her opinion the child had been living in a "healthy environment.”
¶7The natural mother testified that she wanted to retain custody of the child and was capable of properly caring for the child.
¶8*321The natural father testified that he wanted his former wife to have custody of the child, that if she could not have custody then he wanted custody of the child, but that he did not want his 65-year-old parents, the child’s paternal grandparents, to have custody of the child.
¶9As I read this record the only complaint by the grandparents is that the child is being brought up in an immoral, hippy-type environment, and that the rearing of a child in such an environment is not in the child’s best interest.
¶10It has long been the law in this state that a natural parent has a paramount legal right to custody of his or her child in a contest with a third party, and when a parent’s right to custody is resisted, a proper regard for the sanctity of the parental relation requires that the objection to this paramount legal right can only be sustained by clear and satisfactory evidence. The discretion to be exercised by courts in such contests is not arbitrary. The breaking of the tie that binds parent and child to each other can never be justified without the most solid and substantial reasons, established by plain proof. See Chapin v. Cummings, 191 Ga. 408 (12 SE2d 312) (1940).
¶11In the instant case it is beyond question that either natural parent of this child has the paramount legal claim to her custody. Have solid and substantial reasons, established by plain proof, been given for the forfeiture of this paramount legal claim? I plainly say no.
¶12The concept of the state’s right to intrude upon the privacy of a parent-child relationship with respect to the manner in which a child is reared is limited to a situation where a child is neglected, abused, or mistreated in some manner.
¶13Where neglect, abuse, or mistreatment in some manner is absent, the state has no right to inquire into what a parent teaches his child, or with whom a parent allows his child to associate, or the type of environment a parent *322permits his child to inhabit. These are fundamental family rights, protected by the Common Law and our Bill of Rights, free from governmental intrusion. Freedom to think, teach, and express; freedom of association with other persons or classes of persons with varying degrees of morality and philosophy; freedom to inhabit a chosen cultural environment; and freedom to adopt a life-style that may not have the approval of the majority; all of these are basic to our concept of liberty, and these freedoms exist even more emphatically within the family or the parent-child relationship.
¶14Within this relationship the family or the parent adopts a moral standard for the members’ conduct and associations, and the state cannot intrude upon or disrupt this relationship by asserting a different moral standard, conceived by judges, that must be adhered to.
¶15Mr. Justice White in his concurring opinion in the case of Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U. S. 479 (85 SC 1678, 14 LE2d 510) (1964), said: "Suffice it to say that this is not the first time this court has had occasion to articulate that the liberty entitled to protection under the Fourteenth Amendment includes the right 'to marry, establish a home and bring up children,’ Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U. S. 390, 399, and 'the liberty... to direct the upbringing and education of children,’ Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U. S. 510, 534-535, and that these are among 'the basic civil rights of man.’ Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U. S. 535, 541. These decisions affirm that there is a 'realm of family life which the State cannot enter’ without substantial justification. Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U. S. 158, 166.” P. 502.
¶16In a contest between a natural parent and a third party for permanent custody of a child, the only justification that I can see for the state to divest the natural parent of permanent custody is that the child is neglected, abused, or mistreated in some manner. What a child is taught, with whom a child is allowed to associate, and the *323environment that a child is permitted to inhabit, — none of these individually and all of them in concert do not constitute substantial justification for the state, through its judiciary, to divest a natural parent of the permanent custody of his child.
¶17In this case both of the natural parents of the child were before the court at the habeas corpus hearing and both testified. Nevertheless, the trial judge, in his final judgment awarding permanent custody of the child to the paternal grandparents, included the following in his judgment: "The father, John Clemons, Jr., not being a party in this action, and there being no opportunity to have an investigation made of him, it is hereby judged that no ruling is made, express or implied, one way or the other, as to the custody or visitation rights of said father.”
¶18It is clear to me that the trial judge in this case abused his discretion in awarding permanent custody of this child to her paternal grandparents. And with all due deference to my brothers of the majority, I think that they merely substituted their standard of morality for that of the natural parents of the child in affirming the judgment below.
¶19I would reverse the judgment. I respectfully dissent.
¶20I am authorized to state that Mr. Justice Hawes joins in this dissent.