2023 IL App (2d) 220164
No. 2-22-0164
Opinion filed February 22, 2023
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
PAUL BRUNO, CAROL KEATING, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
FRANK LAWRENCE BRUNO JR., ) of Kane County.
ANNETTE O’CONNELL; MIKE BRUNO, )
LOUIS BRUNO, and FRANK LOUIS )
BRUNO, Individually and as Beneficiaries of )
the Nicholas Bruno Declaration of Trust, Dated)
September 27, 2007, )
)
Plaintiffs and Counterdefendants- )
Appellants, )
)
v. ) No. 21-CH-65
)
JAMES H. KNIPPEN, Individually and as )
Trustee of the Nicholas Bruno Declaration )
of Trust, Dated September 27, 2007; )
GERRAIN DOSEN; CELESTE CARLIN; )
CINDY VAUGHN; JEFF SITARZ; )
CHRISTINE JACHIMIAK; DIVA )
MONTELL, a/k/a Diva Montalto-Labno; )
JERI SEAMAN; EMILY LABNO; )
THE SEEING EYE, INC.; and )
KWAME RAOUL, Illinois Attorney )
General, )
)
Defendants and Counterplaintiffs )
)
(James H. Knippen, Individually and as )
Trustee of the Nicholas Bruno Declaration )
of Trust, Dated September 27, 2007; Christine )
Jachimiak; Diva Montell, a/k/a Diva Montalto- ) Honorable
Labno; Jeri Seaman; and Emily Labno, ) Kevin T. Busch,
Defendants-Appellees). ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
2023 IL App (2d) 220164
JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Hutchinson and Hudson concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiffs, Paul Bruno, Carol Keating, Frank Lawrence Bruno Jr., Annette O’Connell, Mike
Bruno, Louis Bruno, and Frank Louis Bruno, individually and as beneficiaries of the Nicholas
Bruno Trust, dated September 27, 2007 (Trust), appeal the judgment of the circuit court of Kane
County finding that a provision in the Trust created a demonstrative bequest as opposed to a
specific bequest. Because the clear intent of the testator, Nicholas Bruno (Nicholas), as reflected
in the plain language of the provision, was to create a specific bequest, we reverse and remand.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Plaintiffs, Nicholas’s nieces and nephews, filed an amended complaint for declaratory
judgment against defendants James H. Knippen, as trustee of the Trust; Gerrain Dosen; Celeste
Carlin; Cindy Vaughn; Jeff Sitarz; Christine Jachimiak; Diva Montell, a/k/a Diva Montalto-Labno;
Jeri Seaman; Emily Labno; The Seeing Eye, Inc.; and Kwame Raoul, Illinois Attorney General. 1
Plaintiffs sought a judgment declaring that a provision in the Trust directing the sale of certain real
estate and giving the proceeds to plaintiffs was a specific bequest as opposed to a general bequest.
Defendants filed a counterclaim alleging that the bequest was a demonstrative bequest and should
thus be treated as a general bequest. Both sides filed cross-motions for summary judgment.
1
Defendants Dosen, Carlin, Vaughn, Sitarz, The Seeing Eye, Inc., and Raoul have not filed
appearances in this court. Thus, they are not parties to this appeal. Knippen filed an appellee’s
brief. Jachimiak, Montell, Seaman, and Labno filed appearances in this court but did not file a
brief. They have moved to adopt Knippen’s brief, and we now grant their motion.
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¶4 The following facts were established during the summary judgment proceeding. On
September 27, 2007, Nicholas executed the Trust. He later amended article III of the Trust. As
amended, article III provided for the disposition, upon Nicholas’s death, of “the balance of the
Trust Estate remaining after all payments have been made pursuant to Article II” of the Trust.
Paragraphs 1 to 10(a) 2 of article III each named a beneficiary and specified a monetary sum for
that beneficiary to receive. Those paragraphs named all defendants except Raoul. Paragraph 10(b)
of article III provided in pertinent part:
“My nieces and nephews shall have the option, for a period of six (6) months after
my death[,] to purchase at its fair market value any of the real estate which I own at my
death, currently that includes[ ] [certain specific properties]. … Any property not
purchased under this option, shall be liquidated and divided equally among my nieces and
nephews then living. If any of my nieces and/or nephews have predeceased me[,] then their
share shall be divided equally among their children who are living on the date of my death.”
¶5 At the hearing on the cross-motions for summary judgment, plaintiffs contended that
paragraph 10(b) was a specific bequest because it was a gift of the proceeds of the sale of certain
real property, as opposed to a gift of a certain amount of money. On the other hand, defendants
asserted that paragraph 10(b) was a demonstrative bequest because it was a gift of a sum of money
made payable out of a particular fund (the real estate sale proceeds) belonging to Nicholas the
testator. According to defendants, because paragraph 10(b) was a demonstrative bequest, the real
2
In article III, the first 10 paragraphs were numbered 1 to 10. The next paragraph was also
numbered 10. For clarification, the parties have referred to the first paragraph numbered 10 as
“10(a)” and the second paragraph numbered 10 as “10(b).” We adopt that approach.
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estate sale proceeds would become part of the residue of the estate and be applied first to satisfy
the general bequests in paragraphs 1 to 10(a) and then distributed among the nieces and nephews
per paragraph 10(b).
¶6 The trial court found that the bequests in paragraphs 1 to 10(a) were general bequests. More
importantly, the court found that the bequest in paragraph 10(b) was not a specific bequest but
instead demonstrative. The court further ruled that the demonstrative bequest in paragraph 10(b)
“shall be treated equally with the ‘general legacies’ ” in paragraphs 1 to 10(a) and “shall be
distributed to the general and demonstrative legatees on a pro rata basis.” Thus, the court granted
summary judgment in favor of defendants and denied summary judgment to plaintiffs. Plaintiffs,
in turn, filed this timely appeal.
¶7 II. ANALYSIS
¶8 On appeal, plaintiffs contend that paragraph 10(b) of article III of the Trust was a specific
bequest because it was a gift of a specific fund (created by the sale of certain real property), as
opposed to a specific sum with a specified fund (real property) to stand as security for its payment.
Defendants assert that paragraph 10(b) was a demonstrative bequest because the gift was of cash,
the value of which was determined by the liquidated value of the real property. 3
3
We note that defendants request that we strike certain portions of plaintiffs’ brief
concerning “pre-litigation communications between the parties and their counsel.” Defendants
dispute plaintiffs’ characterizations of those communications. They further assert that the
communications are irrelevant to this appeal and should be stricken. Because the references to
pretrial communications in plaintiffs’ opening brief are not material to our decision, we will not
consider them.
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¶9 When parties file cross-motions for summary judgment, they agree that there are only
questions of law to decide and they invite the court to decide the issue based on the record. Pielet
v. Pielet,
2012 IL 112064, ¶ 28. Summary judgment should be granted where the pleadings,
depositions, and admissions on file, together with any affidavits, show that there are no genuine
issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735
ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2020). We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on cross-motions for
summary judgment and the court’s construction of trust language. Schroeder v. Sullivan,
2018 IL
App (1st) 163210, ¶ 25.
¶ 10 We note that the parties do not dispute that the bequests in paragraphs 1 to 10(a) are general
bequests. Thus, the sole issue before us is whether paragraph 10(b) of the trust created a specific
or a demonstrative bequest. We resolve that issue under the established test provided by our
supreme court.
¶ 11 Generally, legacies or bequests are classified as general, specific, or demonstrative. Lenzen
v. Miller,
378 Ill. 170, 174 (1941). “A general legacy is a gift of personal property by will, not
amounting to a bequest of a particular thing or of particular money or of a particular fund which
is designated and distinguished in the will from all others of the same kind.” Lenzen,
378 Ill. at
174. “A specific legacy is a bequest of a specific article or of a particular fund which the will
distinguishes from all the rest of the testator’s estate of the same kind.” Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 174-75
(citing Baker v. Baker,
319 Ill. 320 (1925)). A demonstrative legacy is a bequest of a specific sum
of money that is not made as a specific gift but is made payable out of a particular fund belonging
to the testator. Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 175. “A demonstrative legacy bears some of the characteristics
of both general and specific legacies.” Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 175. “It partakes of the nature of a general
legacy by bequeathing a specified amount and of the characteristic of a specific legacy by pointing
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out the fund from which the payment is to be made.” Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 175. However, it differs
from a specific legacy in that if the identified fund fails, resort may be had to the estate’s general
assets. Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 175.
¶ 12 Further, the ademption doctrine, by which a bequest is declared lost, applies only to specific
legacies; that is, if a specific article or specific fund is bequeathed and the subject matter of the
bequest does not exist when the testator dies, there is an ademption of such bequest. Lenzen,
378
Ill. at 175. The ademption doctrine does not apply to a demonstrative legacy because, if the fund
out of which it is to be paid fails, it is payable as a general legacy. Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 175.
¶ 13 “The inclination of the courts is to hold legacies to be general or demonstrative rather than
specific.” Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 175. Accordingly, to find a legacy specific, the terms of the will
creating such legacy must clearly require such a construction. Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 175. That
construction rule arises from the recognition of the hardship that the ademption doctrine causes
when it declares a specific legacy lost if the subject of the legacy is disposed of or extinguished by
the testator in his lifetime. Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 175.
¶ 14 The Lenzen court provided this criterion for determining whether a monetary bequest is
specific or demonstrative:
“Where a bequest is of money and the wording of the will indicates an intention to
bequeath the whole or a part of a particular fund, the test as to whether it is a specific [or]
demonstrative legacy is whether the legacy is a gift of the specified fund or a gift of a
specified sum with a specified fund to stand as security for its payment. If it falls within
the former class and the fund fails during the lifetime of the testator, there is an ademption
and the legatee takes nothing. If it comes within the latter class, the legacy does not fail
although the fund may have been extinguished in the lifetime of the testator, but it is
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payable from the general assets of the estate on the same condition and terms of a general
legacy.” Lenzen, 378 Ill. at 176.
¶ 15 Here, the plain language of paragraph 10(b) clearly created a specific bequest. It did so
because it bequeathed a fund that was to be created by the sale of certain identified real estate. Any
real property not purchased by the nieces and nephews was to be sold and the proceeds distributed
to the nieces and nephews in equal shares. Rather than bequeath a specific sum of money,
paragraph 10(b) created a legacy of an undetermined amount of money. The clear intent of
Nicholas was to give his nieces and nephews equal shares of an unspecified amount from a fund
created by the sale of the identified real estate, as opposed to a specified sum of money. Had
Nicholas intended to create a demonstrative bequest, he could have simply specified a sum to be
given to each of his nieces and nephews (as he had with the general bequests) and identified the
source of those monetary sums as the proceeds from the sale of the real estate. Instead of specifying
a particular sum of money to be given to each niece and nephew, he gave them an equal share of
the undetermined proceeds from the sale of the identified real estate. That is a classic example of
a specific bequest.
¶ 16 Additionally, Nicholas’s nieces and nephews were to receive the legacy only if the
identified real estate was still in the estate at the time of Nicholas’s death. Had the real estate been
liquidated before Nicholas’s death, there would have been nothing to sell and thus no fund to
distribute under paragraph 10(b). Put another way, the doctrine of ademption would have left the
nieces and nephews with no legacy under paragraph 10(b). However, we are not concerned here
with the hardship of ademption. First, that hardship is given full account in the rule that a specific
bequest will be found only where the relevant language clearly provides it. See Lenzen,
378 Ill. at
175. Paragraph 10(b) clearly provided that the gift to each niece and nephew was a portion of a
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specified fund (proceeds of the sale of the real estate) and did not specify a sum with a specified
fund as security for its payment (see Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 175). Second, there is no prospect of
hardship here. Notably, in Lenzen, where the court identified an “inclination” (Lenzen,
378 Ill. at
175) to find legacies as general or demonstrative rather than specific, the legatee stood to receive
nothing because the source of the fund standing as security for the specified sum of the gift did not
exist when the testator died. Lenzen,
378 Ill. at 174-75. Accordingly, had the court not found the
legacy demonstrative, the legatee would not have received the intended gift of a specified sum of
money. Here, however, the real estate remained when Nicholas died. Thus, the nieces and nephews
stood to receive the intended gift of the proceeds from selling the real estate. Accordingly, there
simply is no ademption and thus no detriment resulting from our conclusion that paragraph 10(b)
was a specific bequest. Further, unlike in Lenzen, here the nieces and nephews are not seeking to
have paragraph 10(b) declared a demonstrative legacy to avoid any hardship from ademption.
Rather, it is defendants—the general legatees under paragraphs 1 to 10(a) of article III—who seek
to have paragraph 10(b) declared a demonstrative legacy so that they can share in the proceeds of
the real estate sale. That is clearly not the concern identified in Lenzen.
¶ 17 0For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the bequest in paragraph 10(b) clearly created a
specific legacy. Accordingly, because the trial court erred in finding that paragraph 10(b) created
a demonstrative legacy, we reverse the summary judgment in favor of defendants and remand for
entry of summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs.
¶ 18 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 19 For the reasons stated, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County and
remand for further proceedings.
¶ 20 Reversed and remanded.
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2023 IL App (2d) 220164
Bruno v. Knippen, 2023 IL App (2d) 220164
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, No. 21-CH-65;
the Hon. Kevin T. Busch, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys Ryan S. Smith, Michael S. Korman, and Mary E. Vanek, of
for Matlin Law Group, P.C., of Northbrook, for appellants.
Appellant:
Attorneys John F. Hurlbut, of Hurlbut & Hurlbut, P.C., of Elgin, for
for appellee James H. Knippen.
Appellee:
John J. Pcolinski Jr., of Guerard, Kalina & Butkus, of
Wheaton, for other appellees.
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