J-S24012-20
2020 PA Super 295
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
EVAN D. BALLARD, :
:
Appellant : No. 2662 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 5, 2019
in the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-23-CR-0000845-2019
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
OPINION BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED DECEMBER 22, 2020
Evan D. Ballard (Appellant) appeals from the August 5, 2019 judgment
of sentence of one year of probation, imposed after he was convicted of access
device fraud, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4106(a)(3), and identity theft, 18 Pa.C.S. §
4120(a). Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his
convictions. After review, we reverse the judgment of sentence following his
conviction for identity theft and affirm the judgment of sentence following
his conviction for access device fraud.
We summarize the evidence presented at Appellant’s non-jury trial as
follows. The Commonwealth’s first witness was Christopher Ruaine, a
manager at a Giant Food Store in Delaware County. N.T. Trial, 7/3/2019, at
5. Ruaine testified that at approximately 2:00 p.m. on October 16, 2018, he
was notified that there was suspicious activity occurring at the store’s
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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attached gas station. Id. at 6. When Ruaine arrived at the station, he
observed “a black SUV being filled up with gas by the same individual that
[they had] noticed other times pumping gas [into] multiple cars, [using]
multiple cards.” Id. Ruaine testified that after the individual successfully
pumped gas into the black SUV, Ruaine directed the gas station attendant to
shut off the pump where the SUV was parked. Id. The driver then moved
the black SUV to another pump, and attempted to use that pump to put gas
into a tan SUV. Id. However, Ruaine directed that the second pump be
turned off, too. Id. at 7. He then called the police. Id. On cross-
examination, Ruaine testified that he at no point saw Appellant at the gas
station. Id. at 9.
The Commonwealth next called Haverford Township Police Officer
Joseph Fuller to the stand, who had responded to Ruaine’s call from the gas
station. Id. at 11. The officer explained that there had been
a yearlong … situation in which individuals with fraudulent credit
cards pull up to a gas pump. One individual will stand there and
just keep swiping the card and several vehicles will go through the
same pump. And they’ll fill up their vehicles, anywhere from one
to, I think we’ve seen eight vehicles do it at one time.
Id. When Officer Fuller arrived at the gas station on October 16, 2018, he
stopped “two individuals walking into the store [who] were suspects in this
matter.” Id. at 11-12. Those suspects were identified as Todd Williams (the
driver of the tan SUV) and Michael Hawkins (the driver of the black SUV).
Id. at 12. Officer Fuller asked if either of the men possessed any credit
cards, and both provided the officer with several cards that, through later
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investigation, were determined to be fraudulent. Id. at 12-13.
Officer Fuller testified that Hawkins also provided consent to search the
black SUV, at which time the officer discovered Appellant inside that vehicle.
Id. at 13. Appellant “was unable to give any credible information as to how
he knew or did not know [] Williams or [] Hawkins.” Id. at 13-14. Officer
Fuller then asked if Appellant had any credit cards in his possession, and
Appellant turned over five cards. Id. at 14. The officer testified that he
scanned all five cards using a “credit card reader” that “uploads the
information that[] [is] embedded in the magnetic strip and provides what
number should be on the card and what name is associated with that card.”
Id. Officer Fuller testified that one of Appellant’s cards “was listed to a Tavelle
Wilson[,]” but when scanned, it returned a name of “Anthony Damino….” Id.
at 15. Two of the cards listed Appellant’s name, “but the numbers did not
correspond to the numbers on the card.” Id. at 15-16. The fourth card “was
listed for [Appellant]” but could not be read, and the fifth card, “which [was]
presented as a gift card, … returned to a Carol Adler with different credit card
numbers.” Id. at 16. The fact that the information on the cards did not match
the scanner results indicated to Officer Fuller that the cards were fraudulent.
Id. The officer acknowledged on cross-examination that no witness claimed
to have seen Appellant pumping gas or swiping any credit card. Id. at 18.
At the close of Appellant’s trial, the court convicted him of access device
fraud and identity theft. On August 5, 2019, he was sentenced to concurrent
terms of one-year probation for each crime. He filed a timely notice of appeal,
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and he also timely complied with the trial court’s order to file a Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. The court filed
its Rule 1925(a) opinion on November 20, 2019. Herein, Appellant states
two issues for our review:
I. Whether the [Commonwealth] presented insufficient evidence
to support [Appellant’s] conviction of Count 1, 18 Pa.C.S. §
4106(a)(3) (Access device fraud), where the government failed to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [Appellant] possessed an
“[a]ccess device” as defined under 18 Pa.C.S. § 4106(d), and
especially where the government did not prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that [Appellant] possessed a card on the date in
question that “can be used alone or in conjunction with another
access device to obtain money, goods, services or anything else
of value or that can be used to transfer funds?”
II. Whether the [Commonwealth] presented insufficient
evidence to support [Appellant’s] conviction of Count 2, 18
Pa.C.S. § 4120(a) (Identity theft), where the [Commonwealth]
failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [Appellant]
possessed or used identifying information of another person?
Appellant’s Brief at 4 (italicization omitted).1
Initially, we note that,
[i]n reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must
determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, as well as all
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner, [is] sufficient to support all
elements of the offense. Commonwealth v. Moreno, 14
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1 Although Appellant raised these issues (and several others) in his Rule
1925(b) statement, the trial court failed to address them in its Rule 1925(a)
opinion. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), 9/24/2019, at 2, 3; Trial Court Opinion,
11/20/2019, at 12 (stating, generally, that the evidence was sufficient to
support both of Appellant’s convictions). Therefore, we do not discuss the
court’s rationale for concluding that we should affirm Appellant’s judgment of
sentence.
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A.3d133 (Pa. Super. 2011). Additionally, we may not reweigh
the evidence or substitute our own judgment for that of the fact
finder. Commonwealth v. Hartzell, 988 A.2d 141 (Pa. Super.
2009). The evidence may be entirely circumstantial as long as it
links the accused to the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Moreno, supra at 136.
Commonwealth v. Koch, 39 A.3d 996, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2011).
Appellant first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his
conviction for access device fraud under section 4106(a)(3), which states:
(a) Offense defined.--A person commits an offense if he:
…
(3) possesses an access device knowing that it is
counterfeit, altered, incomplete or belongs to
another person who has not authorized its
possession.
18 Pa.C.S. § 4106(a)(3). “An actor is presumed to know an access device is
counterfeit, altered or incomplete if he has in his possession or under his
control two or more counterfeit, altered or incomplete access devices.” 18
Pa.C.S. § 4106(a.1)(1). Pertinent to Appellant’s argument herein, the statute
defines “access device” as: “Any card, including, but not limited to, a credit
card, debit card and automated teller machine card, plate, code, account
number, personal identification number or other means of account access that
can be used alone or in conjunction with another access device to obtain
money, goods, services or anything else of value or that can be used to
transfer funds.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4106(d).
Here, Appellant argues that the Commonwealth’s evidence was
insufficient to demonstrate that any credit card in his possession constituted
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an access device as defined by section 4106(d). He insists that the statute’s
phrase, “can be used,” required the Commonwealth to establish that the cards
he possessed could have actually been used by him to acquire money, make
a purchase, or transfer funds.2 Appellant contends that the Commonwealth
failed to meet this burden because no witness saw him use a card to pump
gas or make any purchase. Additionally, he argues that the Commonwealth
did not present any evidence that the cards he possessed “were associated
with an actual account for accessing money or a line of credit[,]” or that they
even “had the technological capacity to work [at] an ATM machine, a
checkout register, a gas pump, or any other location.” Appellant’s Brief at
11. Accordingly, Appellant maintains that the Commonwealth did not
establish his possession of an access device, and his conviction for access
device fraud must be reversed.
Appellant’s issue is one of first impression, and his argument involves
statutory interpretation. Our review of such claims is well-settled:
Statutory interpretation is a question of law, therefore our
standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is plenary.
Commonwealth v. Hall, … 80 A.3d 1204, 1211 ([Pa.] 2013).
“In all matters involving statutory interpretation, we apply the
Statutory Construction Act, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1501 et seq., which
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2 To be clear, Appellant concedes that the Commonwealth is not “required
under [s]ection 4106 to prove he actually used one of his cards and
successfully acquired money, made a purchase[,] or transferred funds.”
Appellant’s Brief at 12-13. Rather, he avers “that the statute’s plain text
requires that the prosecution establish only that the card he possessed had
the capability to do so.” Id. at 13.
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provides that the object of interpretation and construction of
statutes is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General
Assembly.” Commonwealth v. McCoy, 962 A.2d 1160, 1166
([Pa.] 2009) (citation omitted).
Commonwealth v. Torres-Kuilan, 156 A.3d 1229, 1231 (Pa. Super. 2017)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Popielarcheck,
151 A.3d 1088, 1091 (Pa.
Super. 2016)). To this end,
[e]very statute shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all
its provisions. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a). The plain language of the
statute is generally the best indicator of legislative intent, and the
words of a statute “shall be construed according to rules of
grammar and according to their common and approved usage….”
1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(a). We generally will look beyond the plain
language of the statute only when words are unclear or
ambiguous, or the plain meaning would lead to “a result that is
absurd, impossible of execution or unreasonable.” 1 Pa.C.S. §
1922(1); see also Mercury Trucking, Inc. v. Pa. Pub. Util.
Comm’n, 55 A.3d 1056, 1058 ([Pa.] 2012).
Commonwealth v. Hall,
80 A.3d 1204, 1212 (Pa. 2013) (some quotation
marks omitted).
Section 4106(d) does not contain a provision requiring the device to
be actually or technologically capable of working, and the plain meaning of
“can be used” does not imply such a requirement. “Can” means “be
inherently able or designed to” and is “used to indicate possibility.” 3 Thus, a
credit card is an access device because it is a card designed “to obtain
money, good, services, or anything else of value” and/or designed “to
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3 Can, MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY, https.//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/can (last visited October 30, 2020).
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transfer funds.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4106(d). We discern no ambiguity or absurdity
in application that would require us to look beyond the plain meaning of the
statute. Indeed, to interpret section 4106(d) to require the prosecution to
prove a card is capable of working at an ATM or cash register, for example,
would produce the absurd result of penalizing individuals who cancel stolen
or missing credit cards and absolving defendants who happen to have stolen
from a prudent card-holder. Accordingly, because the Commonwealth has
proven that Appellant possessed credit cards that either did not bear
Appellant’s name or had names and numbers printed on the cards that did
not correspond with the data embedded in the magnetic strip of the card,
there was sufficient evidence to support Appellant’s conviction for access
device fraud.
Appellant next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his
conviction of identity theft. “A person commits the offense of identity theft
of another person if he possesses or uses, through any means, identifying
information of another person without the consent of that other person to
further any unlawful purpose.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4120(a) (emphasis added).
Appellant contends that “the statute requires proof that the defendant
possessed or used identifying information that belonged to ‘another
person[,]’” meaning a real human being. Appellant’s Brief at 13 (citations
omitted). In support of this argument, Appellant relies on Commonwealth
v. Newton, 994 A.2d 1127 (Pa. Super. 2010). There, Newton was convicted
of identity theft based on her using the fake name, “Bruton Cole,” to illegally
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purchase computers. Id. at 1135. We concluded that to sustain Newton’s
conviction, the Commonwealth was required to prove that “the name ‘Bruton
Cole’ [was] the identity of a real person.”
Id. We reasoned:
The Statutory Construction Act defines a “person” as:
“PERSON.” Includes [sic] a corporation, partnership,
limited liability company, business trust, other
association, government entity (other than the
Commonwealth), estate, trust, foundation or natural
person.
1 Pa.C.S.[] § 1991. More to the point, “[a] person is defined as a
living human being, especially as distinguished from an animal or
a thing.” Commonwealth v. Lawson, 759 A.2d 1, 4 (Pa. Super.
2000). Moreover, a plain reading of the statute indicates that it
is designed to prohibit the malicious use of identifying information
such as actual names, account numbers, identification numbers,
and the like.
Id. (footnote omitted). The Newton panel then held that the evidence was
insufficient to prove that Newton had committed identity theft:
Here, the Commonwealth presented no evidence whatsoever
indicating that Bruton Cole was a living human being (or other
“person” as defined by the Act and case law). It appears from the
record that Bruton Cole was merely a fictitious name, not a
specific person with real identifying information. Because the
Commonwealth had the burden to prove every element of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt, and failed to do so, we vacate
the conviction and judgment of sentence for identity theft.
Id. at 1135–36 (footnote omitted).
The Commonwealth presently contends that “the instant matter is
distinguishable from Newton because Newton admitted the name ‘Bruton
Cole’ was fake and, therefore, there was affirmative evidence that [Newton]
used a ‘fictitious name’ to ship stolen goods.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 13.
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According to the Commonwealth, “[b]y contrast, here, the credit card
reader/scanner indicated that the cards were registered to Anthony D[a]mino
and Carol Adler; and neither [Appellant] nor the card reader/scanner indicated
that these were fictitious identities.” Id.
The Commonwealth’s argument is unconvincing. Our decision in
Newton clarifies that it was not Appellant’s burden to disprove that the names
associated with the cards he possessed were actual people; rather, it was the
Commonwealth’s burden to prove that those names belonged to real human
beings. See Newton, 994 A.2d at 1135 (“The question then becomes
whether the Commonwealth must establish that the name ‘Bruton Cole’ is the
identity of a real person. We readily hold that this is a requirement.”). As
Appellant stresses, “the prosecution presented no evidence — direct or
circumstantial — to suggest the names on the police scanner are real, living
people with actual bank or credit card accounts. Rather, it is at least as likely
[that] someone artificially generated the names and account numbers.”
Appellant’s Reply Brief at 10. We agree with Appellant’s interpretation of our
holding in Newton, as well as with his assertion that the evidence was
insufficient to prove that he stole the identity of “another person.”
Accordingly, we reverse his conviction for identity theft.
Judgment of sentenced affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Judge Stabile joins this opinion.
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President Judge Emeritus Bender files a concurring and dissenting
opinion.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/22/2020
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