J-A27012-20
2021 PA Super 47
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
JOSEPHE MURRAY
Appellant No. 151 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 18, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No: CP-51-CR-0011145-2013
BEFORE: STABILE, J., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS, J.*
OPINION BY STABILE, J.: FILED: MARCH 19, 2021
Appellant, Josephe Murray, appeals from his judgment of sentence of
life imprisonment plus 26-52 years’ imprisonment for first-degree murder and
related offenses. Appellant’s principal contention is that the trial court erred
in denying his challenge to the prosecutor’s use of peremptory strikes against
two prospective jurors under Batson v. United States, 476 U.S. 79 (1986).
We hold that (1) Appellant failed to establish prima facie evidence of a Batson
violation, (2) the prosecutor gave reasonable, race-neutral reasons for
excluding both prospective jurors, and (3) the record does not establish that
the prosecutor engaged in purposeful discrimination. Accordingly, we affirm.
The victim, Thomas Watson, lived above a Häagen-Dazs ice cream store
at 242 South Street in Philadelphia. He worked across town as a DJ at the
Copabanana Club at 40th and Spruce Streets. At about 2:00 a.m. on May 11,
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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2013, after finishing work at the Copabanana, Watson texted James Weisbrod,
who drove an unlicensed cab in Philadelphia, and asked Weisbrod to pick him
up. Weisbrod picked up Watson and another man, co-defendant Ronnie
Robinson,1 who worked as a security guard at the Copabanana. Weisbrod
drove Robinson to an address in North Philadelphia. Weisbrod and Watson
then stopped at a restaurant before driving to Watson’s apartment. N.T.
10/10/18, at 94-97.
Weisbrod parked his Lincoln Town Car on American Street and then
helped Watson unload his DJ equipment outside his apartment. The victim
entered the closed Häagen-Dazs store, through which he had to walk in order
to get to his second floor apartment. As Weisbrod was about to leave the
area, he noticed that the victim had not moved his DJ equipment, which was
still outside in the rain. Concerned, he returned to South Street and opened
the door to the Häagen-Dazs store. Co-defendant Clarence Pone blocked
Weisbrod’s path and told him, “Get the fuck out of here.” Id. at 98, 101-02.
Weisbrod got into his car, but instead of leaving the area, he circled the
block and parked his car in front of the Häagen-Dazs store. When he heard
two gunshots, Weisbrod got out of his car and walked into the store. As he
entered, Appellant left the store. Weisbrod saw Watson lying on the ground
behind the counter and called 911. Id. at 102-04.
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1
Ronnie Robinson is also known as “Lonnie Robinson,” but for purposes of
this appeal we shall refer to him only as “Ronnie Robinson”.
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At approximately 3:00 a.m., Philadelphia Police Officers Corson and
Duffy were on patrol when they received a radio call for a robbery in progress
at the Häagen-Dazs store. The officers entered the store and discovered
Watson’s body behind the ice cream counter. Officer Corson observed wounds
to Watson’s chest and head. While on the premises, the officers noticed signs
of a struggle and heard a cell phone ringing, but they could not locate the
phone. Id. at 75-79; 10/11/18, at 25-28.
Philadelphia Police Officer Coleman also heard the radio call for the
Häagen-Dazs store robbery and learned that the suspects were last seen
running down American Street wearing dark clothing. As he drove north on
American Street, he noticed a discarded black hoodie and glove lying on the
sidewalk. Officer Coleman covered the items with a heavy paper bag to
protect them from the elements and turned them over to a crime scene
investigator. Forensic testing later demonstrated that Watson’s DNA was on
the upper back portion of the hoodie. N.T. 10/11/18, at 53, 65, 68; 10/22/18,
at 208.
Police officers reviewed camera footage from inside and outside the
Häagen-Dazs store depicting the final moments of Watson’s life. The video
showed that one hour before the murder, two vehicles, a Honda and a green
Ford Explorer, parked along the 200 block of South Street, where the drivers
and occupants waited until Weisbrod and Watson arrived in Weisbrod’s
vehicle. As Watson entered the store, two men followed him inside and one
produced a large handgun. Watson struggled with the two men, who kicked
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and beat him with the handgun. The video showed that Weisbrod attempted
to enter the store but was stopped by an individual blocking his path. Watson
was then shot. Weisbrod returned to the store, where a man with a
bloodstained hoodie ran past him in the doorway and ran down the street.
N.T, 10/11/18, at 159; 10/15/18, at 162-63, 168-79.
On May 12, 2013, one day after the shooting, Detective John Harkins
recovered a Samsung TracFone (a pre-paid cellphone) from inside the store
that had fallen underneath an ice cream machine. The officers submitted an
exigent circumstances request for information to T-Mobile and learned that
the phone had been shipped to a woman named Carmen Melton, who lived at
5718 Reedland Street. The officers reviewed the call logs to see if they could
learn any information about the identities of individuals attempting to contact
the phone. One telephone number was associated with a woman named
Cheneka Jones, who lived at 5706 Reedland Street. The officers used a search
database to determine who else was associated with that address. They saw
a photo of Appellant and realized that he was one of the individuals in the
video camera footage inside the Häagen-Dazs store. Detective Joseph
Bamberski assembled a photo array that included Appellant’s photograph and
showed it to Weisbrod, who positively identified Appellant as the individual
who had come to the door of the Häagen-Dazs store at the time of the
shooting. N.T. 10/10/18, at 112, 116; 10/11/18, at 161-62; 10/15/18, at 81-
87; 10/22/18, at 47.
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Also on May 12, 2013, Detective Theodore Hagan interviewed
Appellant’s co-defendant, Ronnie Robinson, the man who rode with Watson in
Weisbrod’s car. Robinson told the detective that he had left the Copabanana
Club after work with Watson, who dropped him off at his house in North
Philadelphia at approximately 2:45 a.m. Robinson also told Detective Hagan
that Watson had been in a fight with someone on South Street. N.T.
10/15/18, at 43, 44, 49, 56.
Meanwhile, detectives continued to examine call records from
Appellant’s cell phone and learned that he had been in communication sixteen
times on the night of the murder with a phone registered to co-defendant
Larry Nelson. N.T. 10/15/18, at 89.
Detective Bamberski prepared warrants to arrest Appellant and search
his residence at 5706 Reedland Street. On the morning of May 15, 2013,
Appellant was arrested at his home. Police officers recovered a pair of
camouflage shorts that looked like the ones worn by the shooter in the video
and proof of residency from the house. Id. at 90-92.
After receiving Miranda warnings, Appellant gave an inculpatory
statement to Detective Bamberski (redacted for trial) in which he admitted
shooting and killing Watson. Appellant explained that he owed a guy $5,000
for marijuana, so he agreed to rob the victim, who was known to have drugs
in his apartment. Appellant and another person waited for the victim to arrive
at the Haagen Daz store. When Weisbrod dropped the victim off at the store,
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Appellant and another man ran to the store, grabbed the victim, and dragged
him to the back of the store. Weisbrod returned to the store, but the other
guy prevented him from entering the premises. Appellant, who was alone
with the victim, hit him with his gun. Appellant asked him where the drugs
were, but the victim continued to argue with him. Appellant got a call and
was instructed to kill the victim. Appellant shot him in the head, ran out of
the store, and discarded his hoodie and glove while he fled. He later met two
of the other guys on 57th Street near Angora Terrace and returned the gun to
one of the men. He also said that at the time of the shooting, he was using a
TracFone he had purchased on the street. Id. at 98-119.
On the same day that Appellant was arrested, Detective Francis Graf
picked up Ronnie Robinson at his home, told him the police had more
questions for him, and brought him to the Homicide Division. Robinson gave
a statement (redacted for trial) in which he said that he had met the victim,
Watson, when they both worked together at the Copabanana Club. Robinson
provided security for Watson and also picked up and dropped off money and
drugs for him. Robinson stated that he knew the individual who was
responsible for having Watson shot and killed. This individual came to the
club on the night of the shooting and told Robinson that Watson possessed a
lot of drugs, and they were going to get them that night. Robinson was
instructed to call the guy and let him know what time Watson would be getting
home. He also admitted that he knew the guy planned to rob Watson because
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he had talked about doing it before in March. Robinson claimed he told the
guy he did not want anything to do with the plan, but the guy told him he
would pay Robinson for calling him to tell him Watson’s whereabouts. N.T.
10/23/18, at 23, 25, 40-43.
Robinson further stated that on the night Watson was killed, he left the
Copabanana Club with Watson in a cab. After the cab dropped him off, he
received a call from the guy and told him that Watson was on his way home
in a dark-colored Lincoln. The next day he read on Facebook that Watson had
been killed. Id. at 43-44.
Larry Nelson also was arrested on May 15, 2013. Philadelphia Police
Officer Hindley was instructed to look for Nelson in the area of the 5400 block
of Angora Terrace. Officer Hindley noticed Nelson’s 1997 Ford Explorer parked
in the neighborhood, a vehicle that looked the same as one seen waiting
outside the store on the surveillance video. Officer Hindley saw Nelson
approach the vehicle and placed Nelson under arrest. Inside the car, police
officers found Nelson’s license and registration, as well as binoculars, black
gloves and a box of ammunition. On Nelson’s phone was information relating
to Appellant’s arrest and a news report of the victim’s homicide. N.T.
10/22/18, at 6, 9-12, 26, 33-35; 10/23/18, at 112-19. On the morning of
May 16, 2013, Nelson gave an inculpatory statement to Detective John
Harkins. Nelson claimed that another guy had planned the robbery, and that
his role was limited to introducing some of the participants to each other and
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acting as a lookout. Nelson called someone to tell him Watson was on his way
home and he stated that he was also supposed to notify the other guy when
the robbery was complete. N.T. 10/22/18, at 57, 64-65.
On May 16, 2013, as detectives learned more about the shooting, they
prepared a photographic array that included a photo of Pone and showed the
array to Weisbrod. Weisbrod identified Pone as one of the two men he saw at
the Häagen-Dazs store, and Detective Bamberski obtained an arrest warrant
and warrant to search Pone’s residence at 5622 Angora Terrace. The search
warrant was executed on May 17, 2013. Inside Pone’s house, police recovered
a red Nike hat that resembled the hat worn by one of the men on the video,
and proof of residence for Pone. N.T. 10/15/18, at 137-41.
Pone was arrested several days later, on June 4, 2013. He, too, gave
an inculpatory statement admitting to his involvement in the killing of Thomas
Watson. According to Pone, he was approached a few days before the
shooting by a man who asked him if he wanted to make some quick cash.
When he said that he did, the man told him to rough up the victim and take
his money. A few nights later, the man picked up Pone and told him the plan
was to go to the victim’s house and steal his money and drugs. Pone said he
and a few other men went to South Street and waited there until the victim
arrived. Pone and another man went into the store, fought with the victim,
and dragged him to the back of the store. The other guy pulled out a gun and
they both roughed the victim up a bit. Pone then saw the victim’s cab driver
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return to Häagen-Dazs, so he intercepted him at the front door and prevented
him from entering the store. Pone told the man to “get the fuck out of here”
and followed him outside. Pone then went home. Id. at 143-55.
Appellant was arrested and charged with first-degree murder, robbery,
criminal conspiracy, burglary, possession of an instrument of crime, and
violations of the Uniform Firearms Act. Appellant and co-defendants
Robinson, Nelson, and Pone jointly proceeded to a jury trial in the Court of
Common Pleas of Philadelphia County. On October 26, 2018, the jury found
Appellant guilty of first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit first-degree
murder, robbery, conspiracy to commit robbery, burglary, possessing an
instrument of crime, and violations of the Uniform Firearms Act. On December
18, 2018, the trial court imposed a mandatory sentence of life without the
possibility of parole for Appellant’s murder conviction and an additional 26 to
52 years’ imprisonment for his remaining convictions. Appellant filed timely
post-sentence motions on December 26, 2018, which the trial court summarily
denied on December 27, 2018. This timely appeal followed.
The trial court did not direct Appellant to file a Statement of Matters
Complained of on Appeal and did not file an opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b). According to the docket, the trial judge retired in early 2019.
Appellant raises the following issues in this appeal:
I. Did the trial court err when it determined that the
Commonwealth did not improperly use its peremptory strikes in a
discriminatory manner against African-American and Hispanic
potential jurors during the jury selection process in violation of
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Appellant’s right to equal protection under Batson v. Kentucky,
476 U.S. 79 (1986)?
II. Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it ruled that the
defense was precluded from introducing evidence that a detective
who was involved in the murder investigation was convicted of
tampering with evidence or fabricating evidence for crimes that
occurred shortly after Appellant’s arrest?
III. Did the trial court err in admitting hearsay evidence, over
Appellant’s objection, that Appellant’s girlfriend observed injuries
to his face immediately after the shooting where Appellant’s
girlfriend did not testify at trial and the evidence was offered for
the truth of the matter asserted?
IV. Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it refused to include
an option to convict Appellant of conspiracy to commit third-degree murder on the verdict sheet where Appellant was charged
with the crime of murder generally and the jury could have
convicted him of third-degree murder as well as conspiracy to
commit third-degree murder?
Appellant’s Substituted Brief at 4.
Appellant first argues that the jury selection process in this case violated
Batson, because the Commonwealth exercised seven of its eight peremptory
strikes to strike minority venirepersons, and the totality of the circumstances
demonstrated that the prosecutor engaged in intentional racial discrimination.
We disagree.
There were two full days of jury selection. The Commonwealth and the
defense each were afforded eight peremptory strikes. N.T. 10/3/18, at 22.
The Commonwealth exercised six peremptory strikes without objection. Five
of these strikes were against African-Americans or Hispanic jurors; one was
against a Caucasian.
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The prosecutor used his seventh peremptory strike on an African-
American female who worked as a security guard at a hospital and who
previously had sat on a jury in a civil case. The prosecutor asked this juror
the following questions:
Mr. Grenell: 10 years you worked in security?
Juror: Yes.
Mr. Grenell: In 10 years, have you witnessed anyone committing
any sort of crime whatsoever?
Juror: No.
Mr, Grenell: Never saw anyone at the hospital assaulted or been
the victim of a crime in any way?
Juror: I didn’t actually see them.
Mr. Grenell: You never had an opportunity, never been called to
testify in any case based on something that happened at your
hospital?
Juror: Are you talking about in the hospital? No.
N.T. 10/4/18, at 43-44.
After the prosecutor exercised his peremptory strike, Appellant’s
attorney made the following objection:
I would have a Batson motion regarding the last, almost all of the
strikes, but in particular with the last three. The Commonwealth
used seven of its strikes. They have all been of minorities except
for one, which was strike number two, [C.M.]. [T.S.] was the last
one of an African-American; [J.R.], which was Hispanic before
that; [B.A.], which was an African-American female before that;
[J.B.], was an African-American male before that; [R.B.], who was
an African-American male before that; and then it was [C.M.], who
was a white female; and [L.J.] was also a African-American
woman. We do have seven jurors and there are only three
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minorities out of the seven that have been seated. All, especially
the last three, have given no indication they could not be fair.
They were perfectly suitable jurors. The only reason they are
being struck is they were African-American or minority. I think
[the prosecutor] should put his race-neutral reasons on the
record.
N.T. 10/4/18, at 45-46.
The prosecutor denied any pattern of discrimination and noted that the
second, third, and fourth persons he agreed to have seated on the jury, at a
time when he had several peremptory challenges to spare, were two African-
American women and an African-American man. Id. at 47. He further noted
that Appellant could not establish a pattern of discrimination without knowing
the racial composition of the overall jury pool, since a pool composed
predominantly of minorities would naturally tend to result in more strikes
against minority venirepersons. Id. Appellant’s attorney asserted that there
were “significantly more white jurors available for selection than minorities,”
id. at 48, but counsel failed to provide any evidence in support of this claim.
The court stated that it did not know if counsel’s assertion was true. Id. at
48-49. Counsel responded that while she could provide this evidence, “I don’t
have to do that for this.” Id. at 49. Instead, she insisted that there was a
clear pattern of discrimination simply because the prosecutor had struck six
minority venirepersons, the last three of which would had been “perfectly fine
jurors.” Id. The trial court replied to counsel, “I don’t follow you to the end
conclusion.” Id. Nevertheless, the court asked the prosecutor to provide a
race-neutral explanation for his strike. The prosecutor answered,
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“[S]omebody who has worked for 10 years in security, 10 years, and has
never seen a crime or known of a crime victim is either walking around with
their eyes closed or not telling us the whole story. I just can’t believe
somebody in that particular position—” Id. at 50. The court accepted this as
a race-neutral reason. Id.
The prosecutor used his eighth peremptory strike against a young
African-American male2 who testified that his older brother had been charged
several years ago with attempted murder for “assaulting a kid that lived near
me.” Id. at 85. The victim of the assault was 18 or 19 years old. Id. The
juror had lived in the Strawberry Mansion section of Philadelphia for one year,
had never been a victim of or a witness to crime, and had never reported any
crime to the police. Id. at 88-89.
When asked why he struck this juror, the prosecutor referred to his
brother’s charge of attempted murder, his youth, and the fact that “he is
wearing like a fanny pack for an iced tea brand. It’s the level of maturity he
brings to a case like this.” Id. at 92. The trial court accepted the prosecutor’s
explanation as race-neutral. Id.
The parties and trial court interviewed many other persons during voir
dire, but the record does not mention the race of any juror other than those
against whom the Commonwealth exercised peremptory strikes.
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2
Although the record does not identify the juror’s age, it establishes that he
recently graduated high school.
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“A Batson claim presents mixed questions of law and fact.”
Commonwealth v. Scott, 212 A.3d 1094, 1105 (Pa. Super. 2019).
Therefore, our standard of review is whether the trial court's legal conclusions
are correct and whether its factual findings are clearly erroneous.
Id. The
ultimate burden of persuasion regarding racial motivation rests with the
opponent of the strike. Commonwealth v. Cook,
952 A.2d 594, 602 (Pa.
2008).
“In Batson, the United States Supreme Court held that a prosecutor’s
challenge to potential jurors solely on the basis of race violates the Equal
Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.” Commonwealth v.
Reid, 99 A.3d 470, 484 (Pa. 2014). The Supreme Court subsequently
amplified Batson by holding that “a criminal defendant may object to race-
based exclusions of jurors effected through peremptory challenges whether or
not the defendant and the excluded juror share the same races.” Powers v.
Ohio,
499 U.S. 400, 402 (1991).3
When a defendant makes a Batson challenge during jury selection:
First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the
circumstances give rise to an inference that the prosecutor struck
one or more prospective jurors on account of race; second, if the
prima facie showing is made, the burden shifts to the prosecutor
to articulate a race-neutral explanation for striking the juror(s) at
issue; and third, the trial court must then make the ultimate
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3
In this case, for example, Appellant objected to exclusion of jurors belonging
to the same race as him (African-American) and to a different race (Hispanic).
Under Powers, it was permissible for Appellant to object to the exclusion of
both African-Americans and Hispanics.
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determination of whether the defense has carried its burden of
proving purposeful discrimination.
Commonwealth v. Thompson, 106 A.3d 742, 751 (Pa. Super. 2014). The
trial court should consider the totality of circumstances when determining
whether the prosecutor acted with discriminatory intent. Commonwealth v.
Williams,
980 A.2d 510, 531 (Pa. 2009). This Court must give great
deference to the trial court’s determination that peremptory challenges were
free of discriminatory intent, and we will not overturn the determination unless
it was clearly erroneous.
Id. “Such great deference is necessary because a
reviewing court, which analyzes only the transcripts from voir dire, is not as
well positioned as the trial court is to make credibility determinations.”
Id.
“Moreover, there will seldom be much evidence on the decisive question of
whether the race-neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge should be
believed; the best evidence often will be the demeanor of the prosecutor who
exercises the challenge.”
Id.
The defendant does not satisfy Batson’s first step of prima facie
evidence merely by showing that the prosecutor used a number of strikes
against venirepersons of one race. Thompson, 106 A.3d at 751. Nor is it
sufficient to merely point out the fact that the prosecutor rejected a higher
percentage of African–American potential jurors than non-African-American
potential jurors. Commonwealth v. Roney,
79 A.3d 595, 620–21 (2013)
(prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges to strike thirteen out of nineteen
African–American venirepersons, but only four out of twenty-four non-African-
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American venirepersons, was inadequate to establish prima facie case of
discrimination). Instead, the defendant must preserve a “full and complete
record of the asserted Batson violation, as it would otherwise be impossible
to conduct meaningful appellate review of the motivations of prosecutors in
individual cases without such a record.” Thompson, 106 A.3d at 751-52.
Within the prima facie case wherein a defendant must establish on the
record the circumstances demonstrating purposeful discrimination,
Pennsylvania law also requires that a defendant must make a record
specifically identifying (1) the race or gender of all venirepersons in the jury
pools, (2) the race or gender of all venirepersons remaining after challenges
for cause, (3) the race or gender of those removed by the prosecutor, and (4)
the race or gender of the jurors who served and the race or gender of jurors
acceptable to the Commonwealth who were stricken by the defense.
Commonwealth v. Hill, 727 A.2d 578, 582 (Pa. Super. 1999).
In other words, for a Batson claim to be in a posture for the trial court
to make a proper ruling, the following must happen. First, a defendant must
make out a prima facie case on the record to the trial court. The prima facie
case requires more than just noting on the record the race of excluded jurors
and the numerical composition of the prosecution’s strikes. The prima facie
case must be detailed enough for the trial court eventually to assess whether
there has been purposeful discrimination to establish a Batson violation. The
prima facie case must identify the circumstances a defendant believes
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establishes purposeful discrimination, including those record items required
under Pennsylvania law. Hill. Second, once a defendant qualifies the record
with a sufficient prima facie case, the prosecution is then obligated to provide
race-neutral explanations for the strikes being questioned. Finally, once the
record is complete with a defendant’s prima facie case and the prosecution’s
race neutral explanations, the trial court has a proper foundation to proceed
to the third step, in which it assesses the totality of the circumstances
surrounding juror selection and determines whether the defendant has made
out a case of purposeful discrimination. As we will now discuss, Appellant’s
Batson challenge fell short on the record of establishing purposeful
discrimination.
Appellant contends that the prosecutor harbored discriminatory intent
against African-Americans and Hispanics because out of eight peremptory
strikes, he used six against African-Americans and one against a Hispanic.
N.T. 10/4/18, at 45-46, 92. As stated however, mere reference alone to the
use of strikes against venirepersons of one race is not sufficient to set forth a
prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. Thompson. Moreover, the
record does not include those Pennsylvania specific criteria necessary to a
prima facie case. While the record includes transcripts of the two days of jury
selection, the transcripts divulge the race of only the venirepersons against
whom the prosecutor exercised peremptory strikes. The record does not
identify the race of (1) the jurors who served, (2) the jurors acceptable to the
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Commonwealth who were stricken by Appellant’s counsel, (3) the
venirepersons in the jury pools, or (4) the venirepersons remaining after
challenges for cause.4 Without at least these facts, it is “impossible to conduct
meaningful appellate review” of the prosecutor’s motivations. Thompson,
106 A.3d at 751; see also
id. at 752 (“[w]hen a movant fails to make such a
record, we cannot review the trial court’s determination that a movant failed
to establish a prima facie case under Batson”).
Appellant attempts to excuse his failure to make a record by insisting
that he had no duty to do so, N.T. 10/4/18, at 49, and that in any event, the
trial court implicitly ruled that he satisfied the prima facie hurdle by proceeding
to a second-step Batson analysis (whether the prosecutor had a race-neutral
reason for his seventh and eighth strikes). We disagree. Defense counsel has
a duty to create a “full and complete” record of an alleged Batson violation.
Thompson, 106 A.3d at 751. Even though the trial court requested a race-
neutral explanation, this does not excuse the fact that the first-step record
was incomplete for the reasons provided above. Furthermore, the trial court
did not find that Appellant satisfied the prima facie standard. In response to
Appellant’s first Batson challenge, the trial court said, “I don’t follow you to
the end conclusion,” N.T. 10/4/18, at 49, but then requested a race-neutral
explanation. In response to the second Batson challenge, the trial court said
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4
Nor does Appellant allege anything about these subjects in his brief.
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to defense counsel, “I got your point,” id. at 90, and requested a race-neutral
explanation. After the explanation, the court stated that Appellant’s challenge
was in “good faith” but declared the prosecutor’s rationale race-neutral. Id.
at 92. At most, the trial court’s statements indicate that it was noncommittal
on the prima facie question, not that it actually found a prima facie claim—
and as discussed above, the record was insufficient to permit such a finding.
The law is not entirely consistent as to whether a court may proceed to
the second-step Batson analysis when a defendant has failed to make out a
prima facie case. Our Supreme Court has indicated several times that we
should proceed no further. See Commonwealth v. Watkins, 108 A.3d 692,
708 (Pa. 2014) (burden shifts to the prosecutor to articulate a race-neutral
explanation “if the prima facie showing is made”) (citing Cook,
952 A.2d at
602). On the other hand, in Commonwealth v. Sanchez,
36 A.3d 24 (Pa.
2011), the trial court did not address the first prong of the Batson test and
focused instead on the second prong. Although the Commonwealth argued in
the Supreme Court that the appellant did not meet the first prong, the Court
announced it would not decide this issue. Instead, the Court recognized that
the United States Supreme Court has suggested that, under these
circumstances, “we may turn directly to the question of whether the appellant
had carried his burden of proving that the prosecution had struck the juror
based on race.”
Id. at 45 (citations and quotation marks omitted). The
Sanchez Court opted to “take the same approach” and address the second
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and third prongs. Id. We believe, given the inconsistency on this subject,
that the safer course of action here as well, is to proceed to review Batson’s
second and third prongs.
In the second-step Batson analysis, we determine whether the
Commonwealth gave a race-neutral explanation for its challenge. This inquiry
does not demand an explanation that is “persuasive, or even plausible.”
Cook, 952 A.2d at 602 (citing Purkett v. Elem,
514 U.S. 765, 767 (1995)).
Instead, the issue is “the facial validity of the prosecutor’s explanation. Unless
a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor’s explanation, the reason
offered will be deemed race neutral.”
Id. (citing Hernandez v. New York,
500 U.S. 352, 360 (1991)).
Courts have upheld a variety of reasons for peremptory challenges as
race-neutral. See Purkett, 514 U.S at 769 (“The prosecutor's proffered
explanation in this case--that he struck juror number 22 because he had long,
unkempt hair, a mustache, and a beard--is race neutral and satisfies the
prosecution's step two burden of articulating a nondiscriminatory reason for
the strike. The wearing of beards is not a characteristic that is peculiar to any
race. And neither is the growing of long, unkempt hair. Thus, the inquiry
properly proceeded to step three, where the state court found that the
prosecutor was not motivated by discriminatory intent”); Commonwealth v.
Bond, 652 A.2d 308, 313 (Pa. 1995) (prosecutor stated that juror’s demeanor
clearly indicated she did not want to be on jury and did not relate well to
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prosecutor); Alexander v. Carlisle Corp., 674 A.2d 268, 270 (Pa. Super.
1996) (“One juror was stricken for lack of respect for the jury selection
process, who wore sunglasses throughout the entire selection process”).
More recently, in Commonwealth v. Scott, 212 A.3d 1094 (Pa. Super.
2019), as reasons for striking four African-American jurors, the prosecutor
explained that one had attenuated residency in Philadelphia, another worked
for a prison and assessed inmates’ medical needs and health issues, a third
engaged in unusual staring at the prosecutor even while others were asking
him questions, and a fourth exhibited young age and immature manner.
Id.
at 1106. This Court held that the Commonwealth provided “plausible, race-
neutral explanations for each peremptory challenge.”
Id.
In this case, the prosecutor exercised his seventh strike on a hospital
security guard because he doubted her claim that she never saw a crime in
ten years of security work. He stated, “[S]omebody who has worked for 10
years in security . . . and has never seen a crime or known of a crime victim
is either walking around with their eyes closed or not telling us the whole
story.” N.T. 10/4/18, at 50. This argument finds support in the record from
the security guard’s testimony:
Mr. Grenell: 10 years you worked in security?
Juror: Yes.
Mr. Grenell: In 10 years, have you witnessed anyone committing
any sort of crime whatsoever?
Juror: No.
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N.T. 10/4/18, at 43-44. The prosecutor exercised his eighth strike because
the juror was young, his brother had been charged with attempted murder,
and his attire (wearing “like a fanny pack for an iced tea brand”) suggested a
lack of maturity. Id. at 92. The Commonwealth’s explanations for these two
strikes are as plausible and race-neutral as the explanations found race-
neutral in the aforementioned decisions.
We now examine the third and final step of the Batson analysis; once
the trial court finds that the prosecutor’s explanation for a peremptory strike
is race-neutral, it may address whether the defendant has carried his burden
of proving purposeful discrimination considering all the circumstances.
Williams, 980 A.2d at 530. We accord great deference to the trial court’s
determination and overturn it only for clear error.
Id. Based on the record
in this case, the trial court acted within its discretion in not finding purposeful
discrimination.
Appellant complains that the prosecutor misconstrued the security
guard as testifying that she never witnessed criminal conduct during her ten
years as a security guard, when in fact the security guard merely testified that
she had never seen criminal conduct for ten years at the hospital where she
worked. Appellant’s Brief at 25-26. This misconstruction, Appellant argues,
was a pretext; intentional discrimination was the real reason for the
peremptory strike against the security guard. Id. In addition, Appellant
argues that the prosecutor’s reasons for striking the young male juror (his
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youth and attire and the charge of attempted murder against his brother)
were subterfuges for the prosecutor’s “preconceived notions about the juror's
experiences as a minority living in an impoverished area of the city.”
Appellant’s Brief at 29. Aside from suggesting that the prosecutor’s reasons
were subterfuge or pretext, Appellant points to nothing in the record that
would corroborate or support his position, other than the number of
peremptory strikes against African-Americans and Hispanics (seven) versus
the number of peremptory strikes against Caucasians (one) as evidence of
purposeful discrimination. Appellant cannot merely offer speculation about
motive to prevail on a Batson claim; he must be able to point to evidence in
the record to corroborate his impressions. Appellant has not done so. He
relies upon an insufficient record that does nothing more than establish the
number of peremptory strikes exercised against persons of particular races.
Standing alone, this fact does not establish purposeful discrimination. See
Commonwealth v. Ligons, 971 A.2d 1125, 1144 (Pa. 2009) (“While it is
clear that the prosecutor peremptorily struck more African–Americans than
Caucasians, this fact, in and of itself, is insufficient to demonstrate purposeful
discrimination when considering the totality of the circumstances”).
The decision heavily relied upon by Appellant, Commonwealth v.
Edwards, 177 A.3d 963 (Pa. Super. 2018), does not control the outcome of
the present case. During voir dire in Edwards, the trial court’s staff placed
the race and gender of each prospective juror on a juror strike sheet before
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handing the sheet to counsel. The defendant objected to this process, and
the trial court overruled the objection. The parties considered 30 potential
jurors, of whom 13 were African-American. The Commonwealth used seven
of its eight peremptory strikes on African-Americans. An additional 14
potential jurors were Caucasian, but the Commonwealth did not strike any of
them. Finally, three of the potential jurors were neither Caucasian nor African-
American. The Commonwealth exercised its last peremptory strike on one of
those three individuals. Once the parties exercised their respective
peremptory strikes, Appellant raised a Batson objection to the
Commonwealth striking four prospective African–American jurors. The trial
court overruled Appellant’s objection.
In a divided decision, this Court held that the defendant’s Batson
argument was meritorious. The majority determined that the defendant
raised a valid prima facie case, because
Appellant is African–American and the Commonwealth struck
seven African-American prospective jurors. Furthermore,
although listing the races and gender of prospective jurors on the
peremptory strike sheet did not qualify as a per se Batson
violation, it is a relevant circumstance that raised an inference
that the prosecutor struck the jurors based on their race.
Id. at 972-73. The majority then concluded that the Commonwealth provided
race-neutral reasons for striking each juror.
Next, the majority noted that the trial court did not explicitly rule that
the defendant failed to prove discriminatory intent, but it stated that “the trial
court’s denial of [the defendant’s] Batson challenge, along with the reasoning
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in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, . . . indicates that [it] implicitly found that [the
defendant] failed to prove purposeful discrimination.” Id. at 974. The
majority then held that three factors demonstrated discriminatory intent.
First, “the identification of the race and gender of the potential jurors on the
peremptory strike sheet, [while] not a per se Batson violation, when
combined with the other factors listed below . . . supports an inference of
racial discrimination.”
Id. at 975. Second,
[t]he statistics in this case are startling. Unlike many cases
addressed by our Supreme Court, in this case the Commonwealth
exercised all eight of its peremptory strikes on racial minorities
and seven of those eight on African–Americans. Although the
Commonwealth could not completely purge the jury in this case
of African–Americans because of the number of African–American
members of the venire, the Commonwealth greatly reduced the
number of African–Americans on the jury in this case by exercising
all of its peremptory strikes and using seven of those eight strikes
on African–Americans[.]
Id. at 975-76. Finally,
the most important factor when considering the totality of the
circumstances is the race explanation offered by the
Commonwealth. . . . Essentially, the Commonwealth stated that it
struck Juror 67 because she did not seem pleased to be called to
jury duty. Although . . . this was a facially race-neutral
explanation, this same rationale could be used to strike almost
every potential juror in almost every case tried throughout
Pennsylvania. Few (if any) citizens are thrilled when they receive
a jury summons in the mail. Instead, they begrudgingly arrive at
the courthouse to fulfill their civic duty (or avoid being arrested).
The trial court acknowledged this reality twice during the jury
selection process in this case.
The Commonwealth also stated that Juror 67 was leaning back in
her chair with her arms crossed during the voir dire process. This,
however, was encouraged by the trial court at the beginning of
jury selection [when it said, “So sit back and relax”]. There is no
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assertion that she was disruptive, that she ignored the trial court’s
instructions, or that she exhibited outward or palpable
disinclination to discharge her duties as an impartial factfinder.
Id. at 976.
We consider Edwards distinguishable in several respects. Unlike in
Edwards, there is no juror strike sheet in the record of this case.5 While the
Edwards majority found the jury statistics “startling,” in the present case,
Appellant failed to provide critical data relating to the composition of the jury
and venire panel. The only data that the record reveals is that the prosecutor
struck more minority jurors (seven) than Caucasian jurors (one), a fact that
alone does not demonstrate discriminatory intent. Further, unlike this case,
the prosecutor in Edwards did not strike any Caucasian jurors at all, whereas
one of the prosecutor’s first strikes in this case was against a Caucasian. N.T.
10/4/18, at 45-46. Finally, while the Edwards majority held that the
prosecutor’s reason for striking Juror 67 was pretextual, the trial judge in the
present case did not conclude the prosecutor’s seventh or eighth peremptory
strikes were pretextual, and the record herein does not support a finding of
pretext due to the omission of important prima facie evidence and evidence
of the prosecutor’s demeanor or motives.
____________________________________________
5
In addition, although we are not required to do so, we have searched the
records in the appeals of co-defendants Nelson, Robinson, and Pone, but we
have not found the strike sheet in these records.
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In short, Appellant failed to demonstrate prime facie evidence of a
Batson violation, the Commonwealth provided the trial court with plausible
and race-neutral explanations for each peremptory challenge, and the
omission of critical evidence from the record defeats Appellant’s claim of
pretext or purposeful discrimination. Appellant’s Batson argument merits no
relief.
In his next argument, Appellant posits that the trial court abused its
discretion by precluding him from introducing evidence that Detective Dove,
a detective involved in the investigation underlying this case, was convicted
of tampering with or fabricating evidence in an unrelated homicide
investigation. We hold that the trial court properly excluded this evidence.
Joseph Bamberski, an officer with eighteen years’ experience, was
selected as the assigned detective for the case. N.T. 10/9/18, at 17-18. On
May 13, 2013, he executed a search warrant at Appellant’s residence at 5706
Reedland Street, along with three fellow officers, Detective Burns, Detective
Harkins, and Detective Dove. N.T. 10/17/18, at 49. During this search, the
officers recovered a pair of camouflage shorts that resembled clothing
Appellant was seen wearing in the surveillance video while attacking Watson.
Detective Bamberski stored the shorts in a drawer under his control in the
Homicide Unit and produced them prior to trial. N.T. 10/9/18, at 22-25, 32-
33. A few days later, Detective Bamberski executed a separate warrant at
the home of co-defendant Pone and recovered two letters providing proof of
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Pone’s residency and a Nike hat that resembled clothing Pone was seen
wearing in the surveillance video while attacking the victim. Afterward, while
filling out paperwork, Detective Dove accidently wrote “one red Nike hat” and
“two letters” in the property seized section on the face of the warrant for
Appellant’s house instead of Pone’s house. When Detective Bamberski pointed
out the error, Detective Dove crossed out what he had written. Id. at 27-32.
The following year, Detective Dove became personally involved in an
unrelated homicide matter in which his girlfriend was the principal suspect. In
an effort to protect her, he hid evidence implicating her and lied to the police.
In 2017, he pled guilty to charges including hindering apprehension,
tampering with evidence, and unsworn falsification to authorities. Id. at 5-7.
Several months before trial, Appellant filed a motion for leave to
introduce evidence of Detective Dove’s arrest. The trial court denied
Appellant’s motion and, when Appellant renewed this motion at the beginning
of trial, denied it again. During Appellant’s trial, neither the Commonwealth
nor the defense called Detective Dove as a witness. Instead, the
Commonwealth called thirteen other officers, including Detective Bamberski,
who was subject to lengthy cross-examination. N.T. 10/15/18, at 75-182;
10/16/18, at 8-177; 10/17/18, at 6-71, 77-78; 10/22/18, at 106-16.
Appellant argued that he should have been allowed to introduce
evidence of Detective Dove’s misconduct. He argues that doing so would have
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supported his claim that Detective Dove “planted” the camouflage shorts
retrieved from his house. Appellant’s Brief at 36.
“[A] motion in limine is a procedure for obtaining a ruling on the
admissibility of evidence prior to trial . . .” Commonwealth v. Rosen, 42
A.3d 988, 994 (Pa. 2006). When reviewing the denial of a motion in limine,
we apply an evidentiary abuse of discretion standard.
Id. The admission of
evidence is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court, and our review
is for an abuse of discretion.
Id.
Pennsylvania’s Rules of Evidence provide that evidence of a crime,
wrong, or other act may be admissible to prove a person’s “motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of
mistake, or lack of accident,” but “[i]n a criminal case this evidence is
admissible only if the probative value of the evidence outweighs its potential
for unfair prejudice.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2). In criminal cases where defendants
attempt to impeach police witnesses with evidence of their prior misconduct,
Pennsylvania courts have balanced the scales between probative and
prejudicial evidence as follows:
The pertinent case law permits a police witness to be crossexamined about misconduct as long as the wrongdoing is in some
way related to the defendant’s underlying criminal charges and
establishes a motive to fabricate. Commonwealth v. Peetros,
[] 535 A.2d 1026 ([Pa.] 1987) (police witness had been demoted
after it was discovered he repeatedly took bribes; defendant was
improperly restricted from impeaching him with this evidence
since it bolstered entrapment defense in defendant’s bribery
prosecution); Commonwealth v. Dawson, [] 405 A.2d 1230
([Pa.] 1979) (police officer was under investigation at trial and
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had been demoted for beating defendant’s co-defendant;
defendant should have been permitted to question officer about
the matter since it provided officer with motive to obtain
conviction against defendant as well as to fabricate fact that
defendant had confessed); Commonwealth v. Sullivan, [] 402
A.2d 1019 ([Pa.] 1979) (police witness faced suspension based
upon outcome at defendant’s trial and defendant should have
been allowed to explore that matter at his trial); Commonwealth
v. Shands, [] 487 A.2d 973 ([Pa. Super.] 1985) (defendant
awarded new trial because he had not been permitted to impeach
officer with fact that he was part of group of police officers who
were racially biased, made false arrests, and perjured themselves
in criminal prosecutions).
However, if the prior police behavior is unrelated to the present
matter and irrelevant, the trial court is permitted to restrict
questioning on the prior incident. Commonwealth v.
Boczkowski, [] 846 A.2d 75 ([Pa.] 2004) (fact that police witness
withheld evidence in prior case was not relevant because there
was no evidence of withholding evidence in case at hand);
Commonwealth v. Bright, [] 420 A.2d 714 ([Pa. Super.] 1980)
(defendant could not impeach police officer with potential
disciplinary action for excessive use of force by different officer
since that cross-examination had no relationship to case in
question); see also Commonwealth v. Guilford, 861 A.2d 365,
369 (Pa. Super. 2004) (quoting
Bright, supra at 716) (“a witness
may not be contradicted on ‘collateral’ matters, . . . and a
collateral matter is one which has no relationship to the case at
trial.”).
Commonwealth v. Bozyk, 987 A.2d 753, 757 (Pa. 2009).
We find the trial court properly excluded evidence of Detective Dove’s
misconduct under Rule 404(b)(2). The Commonwealth proved its case
through, inter alia, thirteen police witnesses other than Detective Dove.
Neither the Commonwealth nor the defendants asked Detective Dove to
testify. Furthermore, the execution of the search warrants at Appellant’s and
Pone’s residences took place in May 2013. Detective Dove’s crimes took place
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approximately one year later in a completely unrelated homicide investigation
involving his girlfriend. There is no evidence in the present case that Detective
Dove was romantically involved with the victim’s murderer or that he sought
to conceal inculpatory evidence, as he later did to protect his girlfriend in the
unrelated case. Under these circumstances, this evidence had limited
probative value (if any), and its potential for prejudice outweighed its
probative value.
The decisions cited by Appellant in support of his argument, Shands
and Peetros, are inapposite for several reasons. Unlike Detective Dove, the
police officers who engaged in misconduct in Shands and Peetros actually
testified against the defendants at trial, and their misconduct took place either
before or contemporaneous with the defendant’s arrest. In addition, evidence
of the officers’ misconduct had probative value for the defense. In Shands,
the defendant was accused of attempting to steal money from an undercover
officer disguised as an aged derelict. The officers who testified against the
defendant had a stake in the outcome of his trial, because they were under
investigation for assaulting and framing other suspects while disguised as
elderly derelicts. In Peetros, a bribery case, the officer who testified against
the defendant had been demoted for participating in prior bribery schemes, a
fact that enhanced the defendant’s claim of entrapment. None of these
characteristics are present here.
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In his third argument, Appellant maintains that the trial court erred by
permitting Detective Bamberski, an investigator in this case, to testify about
a hearsay statement by Appellant’s girlfriend. Although this evidence was
inadmissible hearsay, we conclude that its admission was harmless error.
The evidence demonstrates that the victim fought his assailants while
they dragged him through the ice cream shop. Appellant’s attorney
questioned Detective Bamberski about his observations of Appellant's physical
appearance at the time of his arrest on the morning of May 15, 2013.
Detective Bamberski testified that he had the opportunity to observe Appellant
at that time and did not see any scratches or injuries on Appellant’s face,
head, or legs. N.T. 10/17/18, at 71. On re-direct examination, over
Appellant’s objection, the prosecutor asked Detective Bamberski about a
statement Cheneka Jones, Appellant’s girlfriend, had made. The court
permitted the detective to read the following excerpt from Jones’ statement
into the record:
Question: When [Appellant] came home on Saturday morning,
four a.m. on 5/11/13, did he tell you where he was at or had been?
Answer: No. He never told me where he was. He just said that
he was in a fight. That’s it. I kind of knew that by the bump under
his eye.
N.T. 10/17/18, at 74.
Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the
matter asserted therein. Pa.R.E. 801(c). Hearsay is generally inadmissible
unless it falls within an exception to the hearsay prohibition. Commonwealth
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v. Housman, 226 A.3d 1249, 1263 (Pa. 2020). Jones’ statement clearly was
hearsay. We do not see any exception under which this statement was
admissible; nor does the Commonwealth argue that any exception applies.
Instead, the Commonwealth contends that the admission of this
statement was harmless error. We agree. Under the harmless error doctrine,
we must vacate the order on review to correct the error unless we are
“convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the error is harmless.”
Commonwealth v. Story, 383 A.2d 155, 162 (Pa. 1978). We may consider
error harmless only where:
(1) the error did not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice was
de minimis; or (2) the erroneously admitted evidence was merely
cumulative of other, untainted evidence which was substantially
similar to the erroneously admitted evidence; or (3) the properly
admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so
overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was so
insignificant by comparison that the error could not have
contributed to the verdict.
Commonwealth v. Taylor, 209 A.3d 444, 450 (Pa. Super. 2019). “Harmless
error exists where the appellate court is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt
that the erroneously admitted evidence could not have contributed to the
verdict. If there is a reasonable probability that an error may have contributed
to the verdict, the error is not harmless.”
Id.
The proof of Appellant’s guilt was overwhelming. He was caught on
surveillance video fighting with the victim; he was seen by an eyewitness
leaving the scene of the crime; he confessed to the murder; the cell phone
with which he communicated with his co-conspirators was recovered from the
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scene; and his co-conspirators likewise confessed, including Pone, who named
Appellant in his statement and identified him in open court. N.T. 10/10/18,
at 102, 116; 10/11/18, at 165-76; 10/15/18, at 109-23; 10/17/18, at 59-60;
10/24/18, at 70-80, 138-45. Indeed, the evidence was so abundant that the
prosecutor did not even bother to refer to Jones’ remark in his closing
argument. N.T. 10/25/18, at 105-59. Thus, the admission of Jones’
statement was harmless error, and no relief is warranted.
Lastly, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by refusing to include
an option on the verdict sheet for the jury to convict Appellant of conspiracy
to commit third degree murder. We again conclude no relief is due.
Appellant was charged with one count of murder generally, conspiracy
to commit robbery, conspiracy to commit first-degree murder, robbery,
burglary, carrying a firearm without a license, carrying a firearm on a public
street, and possessing an instrument of crime. The court instructed the jury
on the elements of conspiracy and, more particularly, the elements of
conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. N.T. 10/26/18, at 39-40. The
court also instructed the jury as to the various degrees of murder and said,
with respect to Appellant, that the jury could reach four possible verdicts in
the victim’s death by homicide: not guilty; guilty of first-degree murder; guilty
of second-degree murder; or guilty of third-degree murder. N.T. 10/26/18,
at 41. At the conclusion of the instructions, Appellant’s attorney asked the
Court to include on the verdict sheet an option to convict him of conspiracy to
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commit third-degree murder in light of the decision in Commonwealth v.
Fisher, 80 A.3d 1186 (Pa. 2013), that conspiracy to commit third-degree
murder is a cognizable offense. Id. at 61. Counsel stated, however, that she
“was not asking for any further instruction.” Id. The court declined to include
the lesser conspiracy charge on the verdict sheet. Id. Based on this decision,
Appellant requests a new trial. Appellant’s Brief at 53.
The trial court correctly denied Appellant’s request to include conspiracy
to commit third-degree murder on the verdict sheet without a request also to
instruct the jury on the elements of this offense. We review challenges to
verdict sheets for abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Selenski, 18 A.3d
1229, 1235 (Pa. Super. 2011), reversed on different grounds,
100 A.3d 206
(Pa. 2014). Appellant does not cite any authority, nor are we aware of any,
that permits the addition of a new charge to a verdict slip without a jury having
been charged on that separate crime. Adding a new charge to the verdict
sheet without instructing the jury on this charge would likely have confused
the jury in what was already a highly complex case involving four persons on
trial and numerous criminal charges. We find no abuse of discretion in the
trial court’s refusal to include the charge on the verdict slip.
For these reasons, we affirm Appellant’s judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judge Colins joins the opinion.
Judge Nichols concurs in the result.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/19/21
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