FALK V.
ROBERTSON.
897
other goods had been mixed by the claimant impossible of distinguishment by the plaintiff. then the burden was on her to show what part of those goods were not subject. and, failing to do so, all the goods levied upon are subject. "In transactions involving the transfer of property between husband and wife, the utmost g'ood faith must be made to appear. The wife must show with the greatest clearness that she was a bona fide purchaser; that she had no reason to believe the transfer was made to delay the creditors of the husband."
In conclusion, the court charges you, gentlemen, that if you believe that this was a bonafide arrangement by which Mrs. Wortsman bought this property from Einstein's Sons and Roos, without any intention on her part to delay or hinder creditors; if she had no knowledge of the circumstances relied upon by plaintiff in attachment here; if it was a clean purchase in good faith,-it is a transaction which the jury ought to consider favorably, and in view of which you should find the property not subject. If you believe from the evidence that this was all one preconcerted scheme, understood by the parties, Mrs. Wortsman being a party thereto; and that a benefit waR reserved to her, for her husband, and Mrs. Wortsman took this property knowing of these outstanding debts,-the stock would be liable for the payment of these debts. Now, apply this charge to the facts of the case. If you find for the plaintiff in attachment, your verdict will be, "We, the jury, find the property subject;" if you find for the claimant, "We, the jury, find the property not subject." For a full discussion of the questions of fraudulent conveyance and of intent in conveyances, see Platt v. Schreyer, 25 Fed. Rep. 83, and note, 87-94.
F ALK and others
'P.
ROBERTSON. December 29, 1885.)
(Owcuit 00'111;, 8. D. New York.
CuSTOMS DUTIES-BALES OF MIXED LEAF TOBAcco-ACT OF 1888, SCHEDULE F.
Bales of leaf tobacco were imported, distinct parts of each of which were composed of tobacco unstemmed, more than 85 per cent. of which was of size and texture suitable for wrappers, and of which more than 100 leaves would be required to weigh a pound, and the remaining parts of each were composed of tobacco of inferior quality, sufficient in quantity to reduce each below the requisite 85 per cent., with strips of paper or cloth between to mark the extent of the different qualities which 'were separated after importation. Held, that the part which was of this superior quality was at 75 cents per pound.
At Law. Charles C. Beaman, for plaintiffs. Samuel B. Clarke, Asst. U. S. Atty., for defendant. WHEELER, J. This suit is brought to recover back money paid for duties on leaf tobacco under Schedule F of the act of 1883, which lays a duty on "leaf tobacco of which eighty-five per cent. is of the requisite size, and of the necessary fineness of texture, to be Buitft.ble v.25F,no.15-57
898 ;
FEDERAL REPORTER.
for wrappers, and of which more than one hundred leaves are required to weigh a pound,-if not stemmed, seventy-five cents per pound; if stemmed, one dollar per pound. All other tobacco in leaf, unmanufactured and not stemmed, thirty-five cents per pound." 22 St. 503. Upon the trial it appeared that leaf tobacco is usually dealt in at so much per pound by the bale; that none of the bales of the plaintiffs' tobacco had 85 per cent. of them of the requisite size and fineness and weight to be suitable for wrappers; that it was not stemmed, and was assessed at 75 cents per pound, against the protest of the plaintiffs that it be assessed at only 35 cents per pound. It further appeared that the plaintiffs had this tobacco in Holland, from whence it was imported, in bales as it came from where it was raised, some of which were composed of tobacco more than 85 per cent. of which was of the size and texture to be suitable for wrappers, and of which more than 100 leaves would be required to weigh a pound, and some of which were composed of tobacco of inferior quality; and that enough of that of inferior quality was put into bales with the other, with strips of paper or cloth to mark the extent of each, to make the bales imported, which were separated again after importation. A verdict was directed for the plaintiffs, upon the supposition that each bale, as a unit of quantity, however made up, was to be estimated in determining the rate per cent. of quality. Upon further consideration of the subject on a motion for a new trial it now seems that sufficient attention was not given to the composition of the bales. The quality and standard of the superior grade were not changed by binding the inferior grade, in a separable manner, with it into a bale. A distinct quantity of the superior quality, subject to the higher rate, was imported with each of the bales. It was the same where it came from, and all the way, and after its ar· rival. The act of congress does not refer to any particular quantity as a basis for the 85 per cent. It appears to be intended to apply to any distinct quantity of the requisite qualities which should be imported. This is different from the case supposed in argument, of cloth made within one of the number of threads to the inch at which the rate of duty would he changed. There an article was made on which a certain rate of duty would be imposed, and the article would always remain the same. Ilere the article was sought to be reduced by association with another article during importation, and to be restored afterwards. But the association did not reduce nor affect it. Justice to the plaintiffs, however, requires that they be entirely acquitted of any attempt to deceive the customs officers by what they qid; for it was done with their full knowledge, and partly at their suggestion, and after a like importation, with the full knowledge of all, had been passed, as a test case, at the lower rate. Still the department is not estopped, nor claimed to be, from changing its decision, although it may work a hardship. Verdict set aside, and new trial granted.
..ORBES LITHOGRAPH MANUF'G CO. V. WORTHINGTON.
899
li'oRBEs
LITHOGRAPH MANUF'O CO. V. WORTHINGTON.
(OWlJuit Oowrt, D. Matl/lalJhuaettl.
January 8, 1886.) 1888,
(roSTOMS DUTIES-lBoN SHOW-CARDe-PRINTED MATTER-ACT OF MARCH 8, SCHEDULE C, and SCHEDULE M.
Iron show-cards, printed on plates of sheet-iron from lithographic stone", on hand-presses, in the same wal that lithographin¢ is done on paper or cardboard, are not "printed matter within the meamng of the statute, (act of March 8, 1883, Schedule C,) but are liable to a duty of 45 per cent. ad fJalorem, under Schedule M. of the act of March 8, 1888, as a manufacture of iron not specially enumerated in the act.
CLARK, J. This case was submitted by the parties on an aKI'eed statement of facts, from which it appeared that the plaintiffs, a. corporation located at Boston, in the district of Massachusetts, imported into that port by different steamers, in 10 different lots, certain merchandise described in the invoices and entries as "iron show-cards." These cards were prepared in different colors on plates of sheet-iron. They were lithographed, or printed from lithographic stones, on hand-presses, in the same way that lithographing is done on paper or on card-board. On this merchandise,-that is, on these "iron sbow-cards,"-as described in the invoices, the defendant, as col. lector of the port of Boston, exacted So duty of 45 per centum ad valorem, ($2,432.62,) under the act of March 3, 1883, Schedule C, last clause or paragraph, (22 St. 501,) which is thus:
Selwyn it Bowman, for plaintiff. George P. Sanger, U. S. Dist. Atty., for defendant.
At Law.
"Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, copper, lead, nickel, pewter, tin, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, or any other metal, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, forty-five per centum ad 'Valorem."
The importers, the plaintiffs, claimed that the goods or merchandise was subject to So duty of 25 per centum ad valorem only, ($1,351.20,) under the same act of March 3, 1883, Schedule M, first paragraph, (22 St. 510,) as follows: "Books, pamphlets, bound or unbound, and all printed matter, not especially enumerated or provided for in this act, engravings, bound or unbound, etchings, illustrated books, maps, and charts, twenty-five per centum ad "alorem."
Against this assessment of duties the plaintiffs protested, claiming -First, tha.t the articles were not liable to any duty, being of no commercial value; and, secondly, that, if dutiable at all, a duty 01 25 per centum ad valorem only should have been assessed upon them,.
as "printed matter," and not 45 per centum, a.s manufactures of iron. The agreed state of facts finds that these articles were of So certain oommercial value, so that the first claim of the protest, that they