25 U.S.C. § 1923
Section 1923 · Effective date
This is § 113 of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 16 court decisions — leading case Yavapai-Apache Tribe v. Mejia (1995)
Most recently applied in Yavapai-Apache Tribe v. Mejia (August 1995)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
None of the provisions of this subchapter, except sections 1911(a), 1918, and 1919 of this title, shall affect a proceeding under State law for foster care placement, termination of parental rights, preadoptive placement, or adoptive placement which was initiated or completed prior to one hundred and eighty days after November 8, 1978, but shall apply to any subsequent proceeding in the same matter or subsequent proceedings affecting the custody or placement of the same child.