Ernest Medina v. Michael Cram - Ralph Bruning City of Colorado Springs Loren Kramer’s Empirical Analysis
252 F.3d 1124 · 2001
Citation profile
88 federal appellate · 80 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 259 later decisions — most recently March 2025 · most notably Cortez v. McCauley (2007), Shelby Paige Holland Marty Shane Holland Anthony Scott "Scotty" Holland Kristy Denise Holland Dane v. Robin S Harrington Duke Schirard Kelly Davis -
88 federal appellate · 80 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp. · Graham v. Connor · Mitchell v. Forsyth
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 259 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Because of the underlying purposes of qualified immunity, we review summary judgment orders deciding qualified immunity questions differently from other summary judgment decisions.”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage“the reasonableness standard does not require that officers use alternative less intrusive means”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage“[T]he affirmative defense of qualified immunity ... protects all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.