IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FIFTH DISTRICT
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
JASON RAY RIVERA,
Appellant,
v. Case No. 5D17-2198
SHANNON PURTELL,
Appellee.
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Opinion filed June 22, 2018
Appeal from the Circuit Court for
Orange County,
Heather Pinder Rodriguez, Judge.
Christie Mitchell, of The CLM Law Firm,
P.A., Orlando, for Appellant.
Shannon L. Akins, of Law Offices of
Shannon L. Akins, P.A., Orlando, and David
T. Roberts, of The Roberts Family Law
Firm, P.A., Orlando, for Appellee.
EISNAUGLE, J.
Jason Ray Rivera (“Father”) timely appeals an order that granted Shannon
Purtell’s (“Mother”) motion for a new trial and set aside a Final Judgment of Paternity,
Parental Responsibility, Timesharing and Child Support (“Final Judgment”). Father’s only
argument on appeal is that the trial court erroneously concluded in its order granting a
new trial that it could not prospectively modify timesharing as of the time the child starts
kindergarten. We agree with Father and reverse the trial court’s order granting a new
trial.
The Final Judgment and Order Granting New Trial
Mother and Father both filed petitions to determine paternity below. At the
conclusion of trial, the court entered a Final Judgment finding that Father is the child’s
biological and legal father and set a timesharing schedule.1
Initially, the court ordered equal timesharing, with each parent having the child
multiple nights during the week even though the parties live about fifty miles apart.
However, the Final Judgment provided that once the child started kindergarten, the child’s
residence for school purposes would be Father’s home. At that point, Father would have
majority timesharing during the school year unless Mother has “moved within 25 miles”
of Father’s residence by that time.
Mother moved for rehearing and a new trial, arguing, inter alia, that the Final
Judgment “improperly and prospectively required what amounts to a relocation of the
child.” She argued that the trial court could not make a “prospective” determination as to
timesharing, citing to J.P. v. D.P., 196 So. 3d 1274 (Fla. 1st DCA 2016). According to
Mother, J.P. prohibits the trial court from making any determination based on future
events.
After a hearing, the trial court granted Mother’s motion for new trial, citing J.P. and
Arthur v. Arthur, 54 So. 3d 454 (Fla. 2011). In so doing, the trial court echoed the Arthur
decision and reasoned that:
the court is not equipped with a crystal ball that enables the
court to determine what is best for the child when she is
1 The child was three years old at the time of trial.
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at a time certain. Thus, in this case, it was entirely proper for the trial court to adjust
timesharing as of the time the child starts kindergarten. As such, we conclude that the
Final Judgment does not violate Arthur’s prohibition on prospective-based best interest
determinations, and that the trial court erred in granting rehearing and a new trial on that
ground.
We therefore reverse the order granting Mother’s motion for rehearing and new
trial, and instruct the trial court to reinstate the Final Judgment.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
COHEN, C.J., and TORPY, J., concur.
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On review, the Florida Supreme Court disagreed and reversed the portion of the
order which prospectively authorized relocation of the child. The court explained:
the trial court authorized the relocation based in part on its
conclusion that relocation would be in the best interests of the
child twenty months from the date of the hearing. Such a
“prospective-based” analysis is unsound. Indeed, a trial court
is not equipped with a “crystal ball” that enables it to
prophetically determine whether future relocation is in the best
interests of a child. Any one of the various factors outlined in
section 61.13001(7) that the trial court is required to consider,
such as the financial stability of a parent or the suitability of
the new location for the child, could change within the
extended time period given by the court before relocation.
Id. at 459. In conclusion, the supreme court held that “[b]ecause trial courts are unable
to predict whether a change in any of the statutory factors will occur, the proper review of
a petition for relocation entails a best interests determination at the time of the final
hearing, i.e. a ‘present-based’ analysis.”
Id.
Since Arthur was decided, Florida’s district courts have wrestled with its
application. In Krift v. Obenour, 152 So. 3d 645 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014), for instance, the
fourth district interpreted Arthur narrowly, appearing to conclude that the prohibition on
prospective-based determinations does not apply outside of the context of a petition for
relocation of the child.
Id. at 649. In that case, the trial court awarded equal, rotating
timesharing between the parties until the minor child reached kindergarten.
Id. at 647.
Upon the child starting school, however, the trial court designated former husband the
primary residential parent and gave him majority timesharing.
Id.
On appeal, former wife argued that the trial court’s modification of timesharing
upon the child starting kindergarten was an “improper prospective relocation of the child.”
Id. at 648. The fourth district disagreed and distinguished Arthur, concluding that the “trial
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court’s decision regarding the child’s residence upon reaching kindergarten age is not a
ruling on a relocation request.” Id. at 649. The court reasoned that the “parenting plan in
the amended final judgment does not involve ‘relocation’ . . . but rather orders that the
father become the primary residential parent once the child begins kindergarten.”
Id.
In J.P., the first district took a broader view of Arthur, and applied the prospective-
based prohibition to a timesharing determination. In that case, the trial court granted
primary residency for the parties’ six-year-old daughter to the father during elementary
school, but prospectively changed the child’s residency, requiring her to move 300 miles,
when she started middle school. 196 So. 3d at 1275.
On appeal, the first district reversed, concluding that the trial court’s “prospective-
based” change in the child’s residence was contrary to Arthur. Id. at 1277. The district
court reasoned that:
the trial court was not equipped with a crystal ball that would
enable it to determine whether it would be in the best interests
of the child, who is currently in first grade, to relocate over 300
miles away to live with her mother when she begins middle
school. The relevant determination is the best interests of the
child at the time of the final hearing. At the time of the final
hearing, the court determined that it was in the child's best
interests to live with appellant in Orlando and go to school
there. Thus, the trial court abused its discretion when it
ordered that she would relocate to live with her mother upon
finishing elementary school.
Id.
Arthur Does Not Apply to Determinations Based on Reasonably Certain Future
Events
We reject Mother’s argument that the Final Judgment in this case violates Arthur.
In our view, Arthur only prohibits a trial court from predicting a change in a child’s best
interests as of some future date or event. Such a practice would, of course, require the
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trial court to engage in an educated guess at best, and pure speculation at worst.
However, we conclude that Arthur does not prohibit a timesharing plan which, as here,
applies the child’s best interests as determined at the time of the final hearing to an event
that is reasonably and objectively certain to occur at an identifiable time in the future. In
such a case, the trial court’s determination is based upon the facts before it at the final
hearing, and no crystal ball is required.
Likewise, J.P. does not advance Mother’s argument for two reasons. First, to the
extent J.P. holds that a trial court may not account for reasonably and objectively
anticipated changes when creating a timesharing plan, we find it unpersuasive. Indeed,
when crafting a timesharing plan, a trial court must be free to account for reasonably and
objectively certain future events. Otherwise, the parties would be required to continuously
seek permission from the court after every change that inevitably occurs in a child’s life,
like starting school. We decline Mother’s invitation to interpret Arthur’s prohibition so
broadly that Florida’s trial courts become de facto parents.
Second, our holding today is not necessarily inconsistent with J.P. In J.P., the
change in residency was not based upon the child starting school outright, but rather on
the child graduating from elementary to middle school. Importantly, there is nothing in
J.P. to indicate that a shift from elementary school to middle school itself would justify a
change in the child’s residency or timesharing. In this case, the material change in
circumstances was the expectation that the child would start school, not simply progress
to the next grade.
Although not directly on point, we agree with Father that our decisions in Snowden
v. Snowden, 985 So. 2d 584 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008) and Stevens v. Stevens,
929 So. 2d
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721 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) are instructive. In Snowden, former husband petitioned to modify
child custody and to enforce a final judgment that provided for a change in custody if
either party consumed alcoholic beverages or illegal drugs while the children were in that
party’s custody. 985 So. 2d at 585–86.
The trial court denied the petition, finding that although former wife had consumed
alcohol on a couple of occasions, she was never “impaired” while the children were in her
custody. On appeal, former husband argued that Stevens was controlling, and that the
trial court abused its discretion in refusing to order a change in custody based upon a
future event (former wife’s use of alcohol) identified in the final judgment.
We rejected former husband’s argument, however, reasoning that Stevens
“involved a planned custody change based upon an expected date-certain event.”
Snowden, 985 So. 2d at 587. We noted that in Stevens “the parties could reasonably
anticipate the circumstances that would exist at the end of the husband’s tour of duty, and
the court could therefore make a reasoned best interests determination based upon those
anticipated circumstances.”
Id. In contrast to Stevens, we concluded in Snowden that
the trial court “could not have reasonably anticipated when, if ever, the [change in custody]
provision would become operative.”
Id.
The reasoning employed in Snowden is consistent with Arthur and applicable here.
There was nothing speculative or uncertain about the child in this case starting
kindergarten. In fact, section 61.13(2)(b)3.b, Florida Statutes (2016), anticipates that
children will start school and therefore requires a trial court to designate a residence for
school boundary purposes when entering a timesharing order. Such an event is by
definition a reasonably and objectively anticipated change in circumstances that will occur
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at a time certain. Thus, in this case, it was entirely proper for the trial court to adjust
timesharing as of the time the child starts kindergarten. As such, we conclude that the
Final Judgment does not violate Arthur’s prohibition on prospective-based best interest
determinations, and that the trial court erred in granting rehearing and a new trial on that
ground.
We therefore reverse the order granting Mother’s motion for rehearing and new
trial, and instruct the trial court to reinstate the Final Judgment.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
COHEN, C.J., and TORPY, J., concur.
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