United States v. Wheeler’s Empirical Analysis
254 U.S. 281 · 1920
Citation profile
33 federal appellate · 9 district · 19 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 114 later decisions (21 by the Supreme Court) — most recently August 2022 · most notably Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization (1939), United States v. Guest (1966)
33 federal appellate · 9 district · 19 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on M'Culloch v. State of Maryland · United States v. Cruikshank · Strauder v. West Virginia · Logan v. United States · Civil Rights Cases
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 114 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“possessed the fundamental right, inherent in citizens of all free governments, peacefully to dwell within the limits of their respective states, to move at will from place to place therein, and to have free ingress thereto and egress therefrom.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Although the Supreme Court has not expressly recognized a fundamental right to intrastate travel, as early as the Articles of Confederation, state citizens “possessed the fundamental right, inherent in citizens of all free governments, peacefully to dwell within the limits of their respective states, to move at will from place to place therein, and to have free ingress thereto and egress therefrom.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage“the text of Article IV, § 2, of the Constitution, makes manifest that it was drawn with reference to the corresponding clause of the Articles of Confederation and was intended to perpetuate its limitations; and . . . that view has been so conclusively settled as to leave no room for controversy”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Zobel v. Williams
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.