Case: 21-50193 Document: 00516198525 Page: 1 Date Filed: 02/10/2022
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 21-50193 February 10, 2022
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Brandon Lee Moon,
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
Salvador Olivarez; Detective Jeffrey Dove,
Defendants—Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 5:06-CV-925
Before Jolly, Higginson, and Engelhardt, Circuit Judges.
E. Grady Jolly, Circuit Judge:
Appellant Brandon Moon spent seventeen years in prison for a rape
he did not commit. He was exonerated and released from prison in 2004 after
DNA evidence confirmed his innocence. In 2006, following his release,
Moon filed suit against numerous individuals and entities he claimed were
responsible for his imprisonment. Now, after fifteen years of litigation,
Moon’s only remaining claim is for false imprisonment under Texas state law
against two retired El Paso, Texas detectives, Salvador Olivarez and Jeffrey
Dove, who were involved in the investigation of his 1987 rape charges. The
district court granted summary judgment on this one remaining claim in favor
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No. 21-50193
of Olivarez and Dove after concluding, inter alia, that detectives Olivarez and
Dove did not willfully detain Moon, an essential element for the false
imprisonment claim. Because we find no error, we AFFIRM the judgment
of the district court.
I.
A.
We turn the clock back some 30-plus years to review the relevant facts
of the investigation and prosecution of the case against Moon. DM was raped
at gunpoint in her home in El Paso, Texas on April 27, 1987. Detective Joe
Villa was the lead detective investigating DM’s sexual assault.
On April 29, 1987, two days after DM’s assault, Villa called DM to ask
if she could identify her attacker. She could, and she went to Villa’s office
that day. There, DM recounted the details of her sexual assault and provided
Villa with a detailed physical description of her attacker and the weapon he
used. DM stated that “she would recognize [her attacker] if she saw him
again,” and assisted Villa in creating a photo composite of the attacker’s
likeness.
That same day, Villa spoke with the defendant Detective Olivarez
about DM’s case. Villa showed Olivarez the composite DM had made, 1 and
according to Olivarez’s report, Olivarez told Villa that he “believed [he]
recognized the subject to be [Moon.]” Olivarez then advised Villa to “check
the computer so as to find [Moon’s] PD number.” He said that he “had read
1
Moon disputes that the composite existed at the time of Olivarez and Villa’s
conversation. Olivarez stated in his report that he spoke with Villa “at about 1540 hours”
(3:40 PM) on April 29, 1987. Villa, however, noted in his report that DM arrived at his
office at 6:00 PM on April 29. Dove stated in his affidavit that DM arrived at the station at
4:00 PM on April 29.
2
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a rape case on the same subject Moon from 1984 2 and also had booked him
for Burglary of Habitation 3 around November” the year before. 4 Olivarez,
however, did not tell Villa that that the charges from the 1984 rape case had
been dismissed, or that Moon had been acquitted of the 1986 burglaries.
Olivarez never spoke to DM and following his single conversation with Villa
had no further involvement in the investigation of DM’s rape.
After his conversation with Olivarez, Villa “ran Moon’s name though
the computer” and “found” that Moon “had a criminal history [that]
included an aggravated sexual assault.” Villa obtained Moon’s police photo
and created a six-picture photographic lineup. Villa recalled DM to the
station on April 29, 1987 to view the photographic lineup. DM pointed to
photo #3 as her attacker. Photo #3 was Moon. DM then became emotional
and began to cry. Villa instructed her to look carefully at the photo “so as to
not make any mistake.” Villa stated in his report that DM reexamined the
photographic lineup and again said that “she believed the person in photo #3
to be her attacker, but that to be absolutely certain, she would have to view
the subject in person.” Villa told DM that she had “tentatively identified”
a man named Brandon Moon.
2
In 1984, Moon was arrested for the sexual assault of KW. He was charged with
aggravated rape and aggravated kidnapping. The charges were later dismissed.
3
Olivarez previously arrested Moon in November 1986 for two burglaries that
occurred that same month. Moon was acquitted following a jury trial. Moon testified that
after he was acquitted, Olivarez walked up to him and said: “I know you did this, and I’m
going to get you.” Olivarez denies ever making such a statement.
4
In his affidavit for a search warrant in a different case dated May 5, 1987,
Detective Dove stated that Moon was “known by Detective Olivarez as a burglar.” Dove
also testified in 2007 that Olivarez had “suggested [to Villa] that Brandon Moon was a
known burglar at the time.”
3
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In her witness statement dated April 29, 1987, DM stated that after
examining the photos, she “recognized that photo #3 looked very much like
the person that raped me[, and that she felt] strongly that the photo is that of
the person who raped me. However, I am not able to say for positively certain
unless I could see the person live.” In her witness statement dated April 30,
1987, DM stated that “I have tentatively identified the black and white photo
of a man in picture #3 as the man who attacked me.”
On April 30, 1987, three days after DM’s sexual assault, Villa stated
in his report that he “drew up an affidavit charging Brandon Moon with
aggravated sexual assault[, and] [he] presented the affidavit to municipal
court judge, Ricardo Herrera, and [Judge Herrera] issued warrant #M87-
05895” for Moon’s arrest. There is, however, no warrant in the record. 5
There is, in the record, the second page of Villa’s April 30, 1987 probable
cause affidavit, which bears Judge Herrera’s signature and states that DM
“pointed out [Moon’s] photo” out of the photographic lineup and
“recognized it as that of the subject who raped her, and did in fact believe
that the defendant is the subject who raped her.” Indeed, Villa arrested
Moon in his dormitory room at the University of Texas at El Paso on May 1,
1987.
5
The existence of an arrest warrant in this case is a contested issue of fact raised
by Moon. Moon argues that a reasonable jury could conclude that defendants arrested him
without a warrant, and thus, without lawful authority. For support, he argues that there is
no warrant in the record and the only evidence against him at the time of his arrest was the
“tentative” identification by DM. We should note, however, that if the arrest warrant had
been produced, the appeal could have been quickly decided because the detention a fortiori
would have been lawful for the purpose of this case. See Martinez v. Eng., 267 S.W.3d 521,
529 (Tex. App. 2008) (“[W]here an arrest is made pursuant to a valid arrest warrant . . .
there is no cause of action for false imprisonment.”). The absence of the warrant has
required us to probe further into whether Moon’s detention, i.e., his arrest, was caused by
these defendants-appellees.
4
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B.
On May 2, 1987, following Moon’s arrest, Detectives Dove and Villa
conducted a physical lineup involving Moon to present to DM and two other
crime victims: KN, 6 who had been sexually assaulted on November 25, 1985
and MD, whose residence was burglarized on March 3, 1986. Moon’s
attorney was not contacted, but Dove advised Moon of his rights and asked
if he wished for his lawyer to be present. Moon declined. Dove failed to
obtain a written waiver of Moon’s rights as required by department policy.
Olivarez had no involvement with the lineup.
The lineup consisted of Moon and four police officers, which was
another violation of department procedure. Dove testified that officers were
used because the detectives could not locate four white inmates in the county
jail to use in the lineup. The officers who participated in the lineup were all,
like Moon, white, clean shaven, wearing the blue jail uniforms, had short
haircuts, and were generally the same height. Moon testified that he could
not recall anything about the other lineup participants’ physical appearances
that were significantly different from his physical appearance. To be sure,
Moon remarked after the lineup, “Well, at least they all kind of looked like
me.” Moon testified, however, that during the lineup, he was “in a state of
shock,” whereas the officers in the lineup did not appear nervous. Villa and
Dove identified the officers in the lineup by their full names in their
respective reports but failed to note their status as police officers. Lieutenant
Saucedo, however, noted in his report that the lineup participants were police
officers. It should be added that Moon chose where he stood in the lineup.
6
Dove was the detective investigating KN’s case. KN was unable to identify her
attacker in 1985 and the case was inactivated.
5
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When DM, KN, and MD arrived to view the lineup, Villa introduced
them to one another, and they sat next to one another in the hallway outside
the viewing room. Villa instructed the three witnesses not to discuss with
each other their respective incidents. There is no evidence that the witnesses
disregarded this instruction. Dove was not involved in having the witnesses
sit together in the hallway and only learned about it later. During the lineup,
Detective Villa was in the viewing room with each witness, while Detective
Dove was in the lineup room.
KN viewed the lineup first. When the lineup turned and faced, she
began trembling and crying and identified her attacker as “[t]he one in the
middle, it is the one in the middle.” Moon was the man in the middle.
Detective Dove, who was in the other room, stated in his report that at the
beginning of the lineup, he heard “a loud cry of grief; it sounded like
somebody experienced pain or anguish.” KN was then escorted to a small
office, so the other witnesses would not see her crying.
MD viewed the lineup second. After about fifteen seconds, she
identified Moon as the man that burglarized her home. After MD left the
viewing room, Villa instructed the men to change positions.
DM viewed the lineup last. She previously had seen Moon’s photo in
the photographic lineup two days earlier and knew Moon’s name. When the
participants turned to face DM, she began crying and said that the attacker
looked like the man on the far right. Moon was the man on the far right. DM
said she wanted to be sure, so she asked to see all the men put on ski caps.
After seeing all the men in ski caps, DM repeated that she still believed that
6
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the man on the far right, Moon, was the man who raped her. DM signed a
line-up card reflecting her identification of Moon. 7
C.
Moon was indicted and tried for the aggravated sexual assault of DM.
DM testified at Moon’s trial and unequivocally identified Moon as the man
that sexually assaulted her. On January 14, 1988, Moon was convicted of the
aggravated sexual assault of DM. Moon was sentenced to seventy-five years’
incarceration. He was released in 2004 after serving seventeen years in
prison when DNA testing confirmed his innocence.
II.
On October 23, 2006, Moon filed this suit. Moon originally filed suit
against numerous individuals and entities he claimed were responsible for his
imprisonment. Moon asserted several claims arising under both federal law
and Texas state law. Several defendants were dismissed by agreement of the
parties. The district court then dismissed (or granted summary judgment
against) all of Moon’s claims. See Moon v. City of El Paso, 906 F.3d 352, 356
(5th Cir. 2018). Moon appealed the district court’s dismissal, and this Court
affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Id. at 360. This Court held, inter alia,
that the tort of false imprisonment “is a continuing tort in Texas,” and
7
Moon submitted an expert report in this case by Michael D. Lyman, Ph.D.,
attacking the reliability of the lineup. Dr. Lyman opined that the lineup Detectives Dove
and Villa conducted with respect to DM was “patently suggestive because Moon was, in
fact, the only person in it who appeared in the photo lineup two days earlier.” This defect,
he says, made the in-person lineup akin to a “showup,” which is “inherently more
suggestive.” Dr. Lyman stated that the defendants should have known about the
“suggestive and inappropriate” nature of conducting such a lineup and “[a]bsent any
efforts to control all variables that created a ‘suggestive’ physical lineup, [DM] should not
have been shown the physical lineup at all.” Dr. Lyman’s opinion concluded that the
identification procedures used by the officers in this case “were unfairly biased and
suggestive.”
7
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Moon’s cause of action for false imprisonment accrued upon his release in
2004. Therefore, Moon’s false imprisonment claim under Texas state law
was timely. Id. at 358. This Court then remanded to the district court for
further proceedings.
Id. at 361.
On remand, Moon filed his first amended complaint on January 3,
2020. On September 2, 2020, Dove and Olivarez, the only remaining
defendants, moved for summary judgment. On October 9, 2020, Moon, with
defendants’ consent, filed his second amended complaint—the operative
complaint when summary judgment was granted—alleging solely that
Olivarez and Dove falsely imprisoned him in violation of Texas state law. On
February 12, 2021, the district court granted Dove and Olivarez’s motion for
summary judgment. The district court concluded that Moon failed to show
that Olivarez and Dove willfully detained him without authority of law. The
district court further held that summary judgment for appellees was
appropriate because “several intervening causes broke the causal link”
between any actions taken by Olivarez and Dove and Moon’s imprisonment.
Finally, the district court concluded Olivarez and Dove were entitled to
official immunity under Texas state law. Moon has timely appealed.
III.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Ahders v. SEI Priv. Tr. Co., 982 F.3d 312, 315 (5th Cir. 2020). Summary
judgment shall be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute is genuine if “the
evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the
nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
A fact is material if it “might affect the outcome of the suit.”
Id. The court
views the evidence in the light most favorable to Moon and draws all
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reasonable inferences in his favor. See Ahders, 982 F.3d at 315. Moon,
however, “cannot defeat summary judgment with speculation, improbable
inferences, or unsubstantiated assertions.” Likens v. Hartford Life & Accident
Ins. Co., 688 F.3d 197, 202 (5th Cir. 2012).
The essential elements of false imprisonment under Texas state law
are: “(1) willful detention; (2) without consent; and (3) without authority of
law.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d 502, 506 (Tex. 2002).
Moon bears the burden of proving all three elements. 8 Sears, Roebuck & Co.
v. Castillo,
693 S.W.2d 374, 376 (Tex. 1985); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Odem,
929 S.W.2d 513, 519 (Tex. App. 1996), writ denied (Mar. 27, 1997); Garcia v.
Schlumberger Tech. Corp., No. 04-17-00180-CV,
2017 WL 5759377, at *2
(Tex. App. Nov. 29, 2017). Liability for false imprisonment in Texas,
however, “extends beyond those who willfully participate in detaining the
complaining party to those who request or direct the detention.” Rodriguez,
92 S.W.3d at 507. The first element—willful detention—can be satisfied,
even when the defendant does not participate in the detention, if the
defendant engages in “conduct that is intended to cause one to be detained,
and in fact causes the detention.”
Id. Texas courts have referred to this
causation standard as “instigation” of the false imprisonment.
Id.
8
We recognize that strong probable cause supports the authority of law for Moon’s
arrest, which suggests that Moon failed to show that he was arrested without authority of
law. See Rogers v. City of Hous., 627 S.W.3d 777, 790 (Tex. App. 2021)(“[L]egal authority
to arrest is shown in the false imprisonment context either by procurement of an arrest
warrant or by a showing of probable cause.”). But, under Texas law, a warrant is required
for the arrest of an individual except under limited circumstances. See Amores v. State,
816
S.W.2d 407, 413 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (en banc). None of those limited circumstances
applies in this case. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 14.01-14.05. Thus,
without a warrant, Moon’s arrest in his residential dormitory was “without authority of
law.”
9
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“When the alleged detention results from an unlawful arrest, to prove
instigation a plaintiff must show that the defendant clearly directed or
requested the arrest.” Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d at 507. The arrest must be made
by the officer, not of their own volition, but to carry out the request of the
defendant.
Id. As the Texas Supreme Court explained, instigation “is the
equivalent, in words or conduct, of ‘Officer, arrest that man!’”
Id. (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 45A cmt. c (Am. L. Inst. 1965)). A
defendant may also be liable for “instigating an unlawful arrest if he
knowingly provides false information to law enforcement authorities
resulting in the arrest.” Id. at 509. “Merely providing inaccurate or
incomplete information, however, will not make a party liable for instigating
a subsequent false imprisonment.” Id. at 510.
Because Olivarez and Dove did not participate in Moon’s arrest,
Moon must show that Olivarez and Dove instigated his May 1, 1987 arrest to
prevail on his Texas false imprisonment claim. We now turn to address this
claim.
A.
First, with respect to whether Detective Olivarez instigated Moon’s
arrest: the evidence shows that Olivarez’s involvement in this case was
limited to a single conversation with Villa, the lead detective investigating
DM’s sexual assault. Early in the investigation, Olivarez told Villa to “check
the computer so as to find [Moon’s] PD number.” He further told Villa that
he “had read a rape case on the same subject Moon from 1984” and that he
also had “booked [Moon] for Burglary of Habitation around November” the
year before. It is plain that, in this single conversation, Olivarez did not
“clearly direct or request [Moon’s] arrest.” Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d at 507.
Instead, the record is undeniably clear that it was DM’s identification of
Moon as the man that raped her in the photographic lineup that prompted
10
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Moon’s arrest. There is no evidence that Villa proceeded to arrest Moon
based on his lone conversation with Olivarez.
Moon nonetheless argues that Olivarez “instigated” his arrest by
knowingly making false statements to Villa about Moon’s criminal history—
i.e., falsely claiming that Moon was a burglar and a rapist. But, even assuming
that Olivarez did knowingly make false statements to Villa about Moon’s
criminal history, Moon failed to establish that Olivarez “instigated” his
arrest. 9 It is not enough for a plaintiff to merely point to any knowing false
statement the defendant gave to the police and assert that the defendant
“instigated” his arrest. Rather, the plaintiff must show that the knowingly
false statement by the defendant caused his unlawful arrest. 10 Rodriguez, 92
S.W.3d at 507, 509; see also Alsheikh v. Dyab, No. 07-08-00162-CV,
2010 WL
1380978, at *4 (Tex. App. Apr. 7, 2010) (affirming lower court finding of
instigation where plaintiff falsely reported to the police that his former
business partner robbed him at gunpoint). In this case, the record is clear
that it was DM’s identification of Moon as her rapist that caused Moon to be
arrested—not Olivarez’s purported false statements about Moon’s criminal
history. See Rios v. State,
376 S.W.3d 238, 243 (Tex. App. 2012) (holding that
eyewitness statement alone was sufficient to establish probable cause to
9
We note, however, that Olivarez’s statement to Villa that he “had read a rape
case on the same subject Moon from 1984 and booked him for [burglary] around November
of last year” was true. Moon was indeed previously arrested for aggravated sexual assault
and for burglary. It is of no consequence that Olivarez failed to disclose that the 1984
charges against Moon had been dismissed or that Moon had been acquitted of the prior
burglary because “[m]erely providing inaccurate or incomplete information . . . will not
make a party liable for instigating a subsequent false imprisonment.” Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d
at 510.
10
As we have previously discussed, “instigation” of false imprisonment under
Texas law is a causation standard. Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d at 507. To be liable for
“instigation,” the knowing false statement provided by the defendant must “in fact cause”
or “result[] in” the arrest.
Id. at 507, 509.
11
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arrest suspect). In short, any purported false statement by Olivarez about
Moon’s criminal history is too attenuated in the light of the victim’s
identification of Moon as her rapist to be the cause of Moon’s arrest.
B.
Neither does the evidence support the conclusion that Detective
Dove instigated Moon’s arrest. Dove’s involvement in the purportedly
suggestive lineup occurred after Moon was arrested. It follows that, Dove
could not have “clearly directed or requested [Moon’s] arrest.” Rodriguez,
92 S.W.3d at 507.
Moon nevertheless asserts that Dove instigated his imprisonment. He
argues (1) the purportedly suggestive lineup Dove helped conduct
“ensured” his imprisonment, (2) Dove made false statements in the KN
case, and (3) Dove failed to release Moon when required by law. These
arguments are unconvincing. First, even if a purportedly suggestive lineup
did “ensure” Moon’s detention in jail, the lineup occurred after Moon was
arrested and in jail. Thus, the lineup, and Dove’s participation in it, did not
clearly direct, request, or result in Moon’s arrest. See Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d
at 507, 509 (requiring a plaintiff to show that the defendant clearly directed,
requested, or knowingly made a false statement that resulted in plaintiff’s
arrest to prove instigation). Second, at the time of Dove’s purportedly false
statements in the KN case, Moon had already been arrested, so neither did
those statements cause Moon’s arrest. See
id. at 509. Furthermore, any
purportedly false statements that Dove may have made in the KN case are
unconnected to whether he instigated Moon’s arrest in the DM case. Third,
Moon only raised the argument that Dove failed to release him when required
by law in a footnote in his opening brief. This argument is therefore waived.
See Arbuckle Mountain Ranch of Tex., Inc. v. Chesapeake Energy Corp.,
810 F.3d
335, 339 (5th Cir. 2016) (“Arguments subordinated in a footnote are
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insufficiently addressed in the body of the brief, and thus are waived.”
(internal quotations omitted)).
IV.
In this appeal, we have noted that the elements of false imprisonment
under Texas state law are (1) willful detention; (2) without consent; and
(3) without authority of law, and that the plaintiff must satisfy all three
elements to prevail on his false imprisonment claim. We have decided this
case on the basis that Moon failed to satisfy the first element—willful
detention by the defendants. Willful detention may be shown even when the
defendant does not actively detain the plaintiff if the defendant instigates the
false imprisonment: that is to say, the defendant engages in conduct that is
intended to cause one to be detained, and in fact causes the detention. There
is no evidence to support Moon’s contention that defendants instigated his
arrest, and consequently, he fails on that element. In short, because Moon
fails to demonstrate that his arrest was instigated by Detectives Olivarez and
Dove, his false imprisonment claim under Texas state law fails. Accordingly,
the district court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of
Olivarez and Dove. 11
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is, in all
respects,
AFFIRMED.
11
Because we conclude that Moon failed to show that Olivarez and Dove willfully
detained him, and therefore his false imprisonment claim fails, we will not reach the
remaining issues in this case.
13
