Billups v. Carter’s Empirical Analysis
2004
Citation profile
8 state decisions
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 1988 · 42 U.S.C. § 1997E
Relies on Owens v. Okure · Swann v. Marks · Rector & Visitors of the University v. Carter · Kole v. City of Chesapeake · Main v. Department of Highways
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 10 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The Commonwealth and its agencies are immune from liability ... in the absence of an express constitutional or statutory waiver of sovereign immunity.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.