P. SINGH

 Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                               Interim Decision #3960




           Matter of P. SINGH, Beneficiary of a visa petition
                filed by Riwaj Anand Singh, Petitioner
                                Decided August 23, 2019

                             U.S. Department of Justice
                      Executive Office for Immigration Review
                          Board of Immigration Appeals


(1) The standard of proof necessary to bar the approval of a visa petition based on marriage
   fraud under section 204(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 

(c)
   (2012), is “substantial and probative evidence.”
(2) The degree of proof necessary to constitute “substantial and probative evidence” is
   more than a preponderance of evidence, but less than clear and convincing evidence;
   that is, the evidence has to be more than probably true that the marriage is fraudulent.

(3) The nature, quality, quantity, and credibility of the evidence of marriage fraud
   contained in the record should be considered in its totality in determining if it is
   “substantial and probative.”
(4) The application of the “substantial and probative evidence” standard requires the
   examination of all of the relevant evidence and a determination as to whether such
   evidence, when viewed in its totality, establishes, with sufficient probability, that
   the marriage is fraudulent.
(5) Both direct and circumstantial evidence may be considered in determining whether
   there is “substantial and probative evidence” of marriage fraud under section 204(c) of
   the Act, and circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to constitute “substantial
   and probative evidence.”
FOR PETITIONER: Marc Prokosch, Esquire, Bloomington, Minnesota
FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Scott J. Langerman, Associate
Counsel
BEFORE: Board Panel: MALPHRUS, MANN, and CREPPY, Board Members.
CREPPY, Board Member:


    In a decision dated September 23, 2013, the Field Office Director
(“Director”) denied the Petition for Alien Relative (Form I-130) filed by the
United States citizen petitioner on behalf of the beneficiary to accord him
status as a parent pursuant to section 201(b)(2)(A)(i) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act, 

(b)(2)(A)(i) (2012). The petitioner has
appealed from that decision. We requested supplemental briefs, which both

                                           598
    Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                              Interim Decision #3960




parties have submitted. The petitioner’s request for oral argument is denied.

(e)(7) (2019). The appeal will be dismissed.

               I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
     The petitioner is the son of the beneficiary, who was married to the
petitioner’s maternal grandmother in 2005. The beneficiary’s wife filed a
visa petition on his behalf, which the Director denied on November 30, 2009,
finding that the marriage was entered into solely to obtain an immigration
benefit for the beneficiary. 1 On March 13, 2012, the petitioner filed a visa
petition on behalf of the beneficiary. The Director issued a notice of intent
to deny on August 16, 2013, informing the petitioner of her intention to
deny the visa petition based on the conclusion that the beneficiary married
the petitioner’s maternal grandmother for the purpose of evading the
immigration laws. After considering the petitioner’s response to the notice
of intent to deny, the Director found, based on the record, that because the
beneficiary entered into his marriage solely to obtain an immigration benefit,
it is a fraudulent marriage that bars the approval of the current visa petition
filed by his son. The Director denied the visa petition pursuant to section
204(c) of the Act, 

(c) (2012). 2
     In making this determination, the Director noted that prior to the
beneficiary’s marriage, he was involved in a long-term relationship with his
spouse’s daughter, with whom he has three children. The petitioner is the
oldest of the children, who were born in 1990, 1993, and 1999. The Director
also relied on information from a June 5, 2009, Fraud Detection and National
Security Office (“FDNS”) report that documented a site visit to the marital
residence of the beneficiary and his spouse.
     According to the report, the beneficiary’s wife was alone at the time of
the visit, and she provided conflicting statements about who lived in the
home. At first, she stated that she and the beneficiary and her daughter (the

1
   That decision was appealed. We remanded the case to the Director, who denied the visa
petition again on March 16, 2012, finding that the marriage was a sham. We dismissed the
appeal from that denial, concluding that the beneficiary’s wife did not meet her burden to
prove that her marriage to the beneficiary was bona fide for immigration purposes.
2
   Section 204(c) of the Act states, in pertinent part:

        [N]o petition shall be approved if (1) the alien has previously been accorded, or has
        sought to be accorded, an immediate relative or preference status as the spouse of a
        citizen of the United States or the spouse of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent
        residence, by reason of a marriage determined by the Attorney General to have been
        entered into for the purpose of evading the immigration laws, or (2) the Attorney
        General has determined that the alien has attempted or conspired to enter into a
        marriage for the purpose of evading the immigration laws.

                                             599
    Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                            Interim Decision #3960




beneficiary’s former partner) resided in the house. She also explicitly stated
that no children lived in the home. Once inside, however, she stated that only
she and the beneficiary lived there. The officers reminded her that she had
previously said her daughter lived in the home, to which she offered no
response. When she was asked who owned the house, she stated that she and
the beneficiary were co-owners of the property. When asked again to
confirm who lived in the home, she stated that she and the beneficiary live
there with the beneficiary’s three children, and she denied that her daughter
lived in the home, directly contradicting her earlier statements.
    The FDNS report also stated that although the beneficiary’s wife claimed
to share the master bedroom with the beneficiary, an inspection of the room
undermined that claim. For example, mail found in that room was addressed
to her husband and her daughter jointly or only to her daughter. When the
beneficiary’s spouse was asked to find anything in the room that belonged to
her, she was unable to do so. She then told the officers that her daughter
sometimes stays overnight in the master bedroom and that during those visits,
she sleeps in the basement. When she was asked if she sleeps alone in the
basement on those occasions, she responded that she did. However, when
asked where the beneficiary sleeps during her daughter’s visits, she changed
her answer to say that he also sleeps in the basement bedroom. She was
unable to explain why she and the beneficiary would move to the basement
to allow her daughter to sleep in the master bedroom during her visits. The
officers then asked to see the basement bedroom, where they found items
belonging solely to the beneficiary’s wife, including plaques and certificates
in her name on the wall, indicating that she was the sole occupant.
    The officers told the beneficiary’s spouse that they were aware that her
daughter and the beneficiary co-owned the home, and they advised her of the
ramifications of committing marriage fraud. 3 At that point, according to the
report, she admitted that she married the beneficiary as a favor to her
daughter to allow him to remain in the United States. She also admitted that
she misrepresented her family’s sleeping arrangements, stating that she lives
in the basement, while the beneficiary and her daughter share the master
bedroom. As the officers were leaving the home, they noticed a photo of the
beneficiary and his wife’s daughter in an “intimate pose.”
    In response to the notice of intent to deny, the petitioner submitted an
affidavit from the beneficiary’s wife, in which she denied admitting that her
marriage was a sham. The petitioner also provided a statement from his
mother, who claimed that she has no ongoing relationship with the

3
   The record contains county property records verifying that the claimed marital home
was purchased by the beneficiary and his wife’s daughter in 2007. There are also State
motor vehicle records indicating that a vehicle is registered jointly to the beneficiary and
his wife’s daughter at that address.

                                           600
 Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                       Interim Decision #3960




beneficiary, that her mother’s marriage to the beneficiary is legitimate, and
that she bought the house with the beneficiary as a way to help provide for
their children. In addition, the petitioner submitted utility bills, tax returns,
bank statements, and affidavits from acquaintances of the beneficiary and his
wife to support his contention that their marriage is bona fide. The record
reflects that the beneficiary and his wife are still married.
    The Director considered the petitioner’s response to the notice of intent
to deny, as well as the documentary evidence of a joint life between the
beneficiary and his spouse, but she concluded that it was insufficient to
overcome the “substantial and probative evidence” of marriage fraud. The
petitioner contests this determination on appeal, arguing that the Director
improperly found that the evidence of fraud was “substantial and probative,”
which should be a high standard of proof that requires the evidence to be
“clear, unequivocal, and convincing.” The Department of Homeland
Security (“DHS”) counters that “substantial and probative evidence” is a
standard of review and that the standard of proof in the context of marriage
fraud cases should be “substantial evidence,” which requires less than a
preponderance of the evidence of fraud to trigger section 204(c) of the Act.

                               II. ANALYSIS
    A fraudulent or sham marriage is one that, despite its validity under the
formal requirements of the law, was “entered into for the primary purpose of
circumventing the immigration laws.” Matter of Laureano, 

 (BIA 1983); see also United States v. Elzahabi, 

(D. Minn. 2007) (noting that “regardless of the formal validity of the
underlying marriage, [the defendant] entered into a sham marriage to
fraudulently secure a green card”). The “central question” in determining
whether a sham marriage exists is whether the parties “intended to establish
a life together at the time they were married.” Matter of Laureano, 19 I&N
Dec. at 2–3 (citing Bark v. INS, 

 (9th Cir. 1975)); Matter
of McKee, 

 (BIA 1980) (differentiating between nonviable
and sham marriages). Such a determination requires an examination of the
conduct of the parties before and after the marriage to ascertain their intent,
but “only to the extent that it bears upon their subjective state of mind at the
time they were married.” Matter of McKee, 

 (quoting
Bark, 

); see also Lutwak v. United States, 

(1953). If the marriage is valid at its inception, it is valid for immigration
purposes. Matter of Boromand, 

 (BIA 1980).

                             A. Standard of Proof


                                      601
    Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                           Interim Decision #3960




    In deciding if a marriage is a sham, the Director must examine the record
to determine if there is substantial and probative evidence of fraud to warrant
the denial of a visa petition under section 204(c) of the Act. The phrase
“substantial and probative evidence” has never been included in section
204(c) since its enactment. 4 The term first appeared in Matter of Agdinaoay,

 (BIA 1978), where we held that “[a] finding that
section 204(c) does apply to an alien must be based on evidence that is
substantial and probative.” Citing Matter of Agdinaoay, we next applied the
term in Matter of Tawfik, 

 (BIA 1990), holding that
evidence of an attempt or conspiracy to evade the immigration laws must be
“substantial and probative.” We concluded there that although “any relevant
evidence” could be considered in assessing marriage fraud, “a reasonable
inference” of fraud is not sufficient to meet the “substantial and probative
evidence” standard. 

. Although we did not clearly define the term
“substantial and probative evidence,” the facts in Tawfik illustrate the
difference between a “reasonable inference” of fraud and “substantial and
probative evidence.”
    In that case, the Director revoked the approval of a visa petition filed by
the beneficiary’s United States citizen spouse, finding that the beneficiary’s
prior marriage had been entered into for the purpose of evading the
immigration laws. The revocation was based on the fact that, at the time of
the denial, the beneficiary and the petitioner were living in different cities
and on the Director’s determination that the beneficiary was living with his
first wife. As we noted in our decision, “No evidence beyond these
conclusions is contained in the record.” 

.
    We held that although these factors may raise an inference of fraud, the
inference was insufficient to constitute “substantial and probative evidence”
that the couple intended to evade the immigration laws at the time of their
marriage. We explained that the “mere fact that, at the time of the visa
petition denial, the petitioner was living separate from the beneficiary is not
evidence of an attempt or conspiracy . . . to enter into a marriage for the
purpose of evading the immigration laws.” 

 We also noted that the record
did not contain evidence to support the conclusion that the beneficiary was
living with his former wife when the visa petition was denied.


4
   Section 204 of the Act was amended in 1965 to add the marriage fraud provision at
section 204(c). Act of October 3, 1965, 

, 

, 915. Section
204(c) has subsequently been amended twice. Immigration and Technical Corrections Act
of 1988, 

(g), 

, 2620; Immigration Marriage Fraud
Amendments of 1986, 

(a), 

, 3543. The legislative
history of section 204(c) does not indicate what evidentiary standard Congress intended to
apply; nor does it explain why Congress did not specify a standard.

                                          602
    Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                               Interim Decision #3960




    Thus, the evidence in that case was not substantial in quantity or quality.
Nor was it probative of the couple’s intent at the time they married, which is
the central issue in marriage fraud cases. Therefore, the Director’s inference
of fraud did not constitute the “substantial and probative evidence” required
to bar approval of a visa petition under section 204(c) of the Act. Id. at 170.
    Several years after we issued Matter of Tawfik, the regulations for section
204(c) at 

(a)(2)(iv) (1992) were reorganized and amended
to add the “substantial and probative evidence” language:

        Section 204(c) of the Act prohibits the approval of a visa petition filed on behalf of
        an alien who has attempted or conspired to enter into a marriage for the purpose of
        evading the immigration laws. The director will deny a petition for immigrant visa
        classification filed on behalf of any alien for whom there is substantial and probative
        evidence of such an attempt or conspiracy, regardless of whether that alien received
        a benefit through the attempt or conspiracy. Although it is not necessary that the
        alien have been convicted of, or even prosecuted for, the attempt or conspiracy, the
        evidence of the attempt or conspiracy must be contained in the alien’s file.

(a)(1)(ii) (1993) (emphasis added). 5
    Thus, we set forth “substantial and probative evidence” as the standard of
proof that would be commensurate with the consequences of a finding of
marriage fraud, namely, a permanent bar to the approval of any visa petition.
In turn, the regulations incorporated and codified it as the standard of proof
required to establish marriage fraud under section 204(c). Since our decision
in Matter of Tawfik and the 1993 amendment to the regulations that adopted
the “substantial and probative evidence” standard, we have not published any
precedent decision that specifically addresses the type and extent of evidence
necessary to meet that standard or that applies Matter of Tawfik’s “reasonable
inference” prohibition.

5
   The Supplementary Information to the final rule of this regulation explains why this
language was added:

        Thirty-five commenters suggested that the Service clarify the type and extent of the
        evidence necessary to substantiate a denial under 8 CFR 204.2(a)(1)(ii) for prior
        marriage fraud. The Service is currently required by regulation to notify the
        petitioner of any derogatory information contained in the record which will be used
        to support such a denial; however, there is room for further clarification based upon
        recent precedent decisions. Accordingly, the final rule will be amended to reflect
        that such evidence must be “substantial and probative,” in accordance with the
        standard articulated in Matter of Tawfik, 20 I&N Dec. [166 (BIA 1990)].

Petition To Classify Alien as Immediate Relative of a United States Citizen or as a
Preference Immigrant, 

, 41,054 (1992) (final rule) (Supplementary
Information).

                                              603
    Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                            Interim Decision #3960




    The Federal court cases that have addressed marriage fraud do not clearly
differentiate between the “substantial evidence” standard of judicial review
and the “substantial and probative evidence” standard of proof we apply in
section 204(c) cases. Although the courts have acknowledged that a finding
of marriage fraud must be supported by “substantial and probative evidence,”
they have defined that standard by reference to cases that applied the
“substantial evidence” standard of judicial review. For example, in Zemeka
v. Holder, 

 (D.D.C. 2013), the court recognized the
standard for determining marriage fraud as “substantial and probative
evidence,” but defined that standard as “more than a scintilla, but . . .
something less than a preponderance of the evidence,” the judicial standard
by which the circuit courts review factual findings underlying decisions of
the Board and the district courts. 

 at 129–30 (citation omitted). See also,
e.g., Omokaro v. Hamilton, No. CV H-15-2465, 

, at *3
(S.D. Tex. Aug. 9, 2016); Simko v. B.I.A., 

 (D. Conn.
2015); Rojas v. Johnson, No. 8:13-CV-2474-T-35TGW, 

, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 26, 2014). These cases are therefore of
limited value in defining “substantial and probative evidence” in the
marriage fraud context.

                              B. Position of the Parties

    The DHS argues that “substantial and probative evidence” in the context
of marriage fraud cases is not a standard of proof, but is, instead, a standard
of review employed by the courts. The DHS therefore urges us to adopt the
“substantial evidence” definition in section 204(c) marriage fraud cases,
which requires only that there be more than a scintilla but less than a
preponderance of evidence of fraud in the record. 6 We are unpersuaded that
we should do so.
    First, “substantial and probative evidence” cannot be a standard of review
in section 204(c) cases, because 

(d)(3)(iii) clearly states
that the Board applies a de novo standard of review to all questions of fact
and law in any appeal from the denial of a visa petition.
6
   The DHS cites the “reasonable, substantial, and probative” evidence standard in
Woodby v. INS, 

 (1966), to support its argument that the “substantial and
probative evidence” language in the marriage fraud regulation refers to a standard of review
rather than a standard of proof. The Supreme Court expressly stated in Woodby that the
“reasonable, substantial, and probative” standard in former section 106(a)(4) of the Act,
8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4) (1994), “relates exclusively to judicial review,” id. at 282–83, and
held that the burden of proof in deportation proceedings is “clear, unequivocal, and
convincing evidence,” id. at 286. Thus, that case provides little guidance in determining
the meaning of “substantial and probative evidence” in the marriage fraud context.


                                           604
 Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                      Interim Decision #3960




    The DHS also argues that “substantial and probative evidence” cannot be
a standard of proof, because in visa petition proceedings, the only standard
of proof is a preponderance of the evidence, under which the burden always
lies with the petitioner and never shifts to the U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services (“USCIS”). See section 291 of the Act, 

 (2012); Matter of Rehman, 

 (BIA 2017).
    However, there are statutory provisions and regulations that impose a
standard of proof other than a preponderance of evidence in the visa petition
context. For example, under section 204(a)(2)(A) of the Act, a lawful
permanent resident who obtained that status through marriage and who
submits a petition for an alien based on a second marriage within 5 years of
acquiring permanent residence is subject to a presumption of fraud. See
Matter of Patel, 

 (BIA 1988). In order to rebut the
presumption, the petitioner bears the burden of establishing by clear and
convincing evidence that the prior marriage was not entered into for purposes
of evading the immigration laws. Id.; 

(a)(1)(i)(A)(1), (C).
    This is consistent with the Act’s treatment of other marriages that carry a
presumption of fraud. For example, where a marriage occurs during the
pendency of removal proceedings, fraud is presumed under section 204(g) of
the Act. In such cases, the presumption will not apply if the alien establishes
by clear and convincing evidence that the marriage is bona fide`. Section
245(e)(3) of the Act, 

(e)(3) (2012); Matter of Velarde,

 (BIA 2002). Moreover, in regard to where the burden
lies for purposes of section 204(c)(1), we have held that “where there is
evidence in the record to indicate that the beneficiary has been [involved] in
a marriage fraud conspiracy, the burden shifts to the petitioner to establish
that the beneficiary did not seek nonquota or preference status based on a
prior fraudulent marriage.” Matter of Kahy, 

, 806–07 (BIA
1988) (emphasis added).
    In sum, the petitioner has the initial burden to prove the bona fides of the
marriage by a preponderance of the evidence. Where the record contains
evidence of fraud, the USCIS must advise the petitioner of any derogatory
evidence, which the petitioner must rebut by the appropriate standard of
proof. See 

(b)(16)(i) (2019); see also Zemeka, 

 (“Upon receiving the [notice of intent to deny], the burden shifts to
the petitioner to rebut USCIS’s finding of fraud and establish that a prior
marriage was not ‘entered into for the purpose of evading immigration
laws.’” (citation omitted)). If the USCIS denies the petition under section
204(c) of the Act based on marriage fraud, the record must contain
substantial and probative evidence of such fraud. See Saleh v. Holder,

 (D. Nev. 2014) (“[T]he Government has the


                                      605
 Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                      Interim Decision #3960




burden of providing substantial and probative evidence that the prior
marriage was a sham.” (citation omitted)).
    In support of the petitioner’s argument that “substantial and probative
evidence” of fraud means “clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence,” he
cites to our statement in Matter of Tawfik, 20 &N Dec. at 168, that although
the Director should not ordinarily give conclusive effect to determinations
made in a prior proceeding, an exception may apply “where the beneficiary
has previously been found deportable based on a determination, supported
by clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence, that that beneficiary became
a party to a fraudulent marriage for the purpose of entering the United States
as an immigrant.” However, the import of that statement was not that this
was the level of proof necessary to meet the substantial and probative
evidence standard. Rather, as we explained, a finding of deportability
requires a high standard of clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence, so
such a finding would necessarily be sufficient to establish substantial and
probative evidence of marriage fraud without any further evidence.
    We have specifically stated that evidence of marriage fraud for purposes
of section 204(c) must be “substantial and probative,” and the drafters of the
regulations incorporated that standard. See Matter of Tawfik, 20 I&N Dec.
at 167–68; 

(a)(1)(ii). If there had been an intent to require
proof of fraud by “clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence,” that
standard would have been adopted instead.
    In further support of his argument that substantial and probative evidence
should be interpreted to be a high standard of proof, the petitioner points to
several cases in which direct evidence of fraud, such as written confessions
and proof of payment to marry, were found to constitute substantial and
probative evidence. However, the fact that such evidence was sufficient to
meet the substantial and probative evidence standard of proof does not
necessarily mean that it would be required in all cases. Thus, we reject the
petitioner’s argument that substantial and probative evidence means “clear,
unequivocal, and convincing evidence.”
    For these reasons, we hold that the “substantial and probative evidence”
language in Matter of Tawfik that is codified at 

(a)(1)(ii)
refers to the standard of proof required to establish marriage fraud, not to the
standard of review.

                         C. Degree of Proof Required

   The “substantial and probative evidence” standard of proof required by

(a)(1)(ii) refers to the quality and quantity of competent,
credible, and objective evidence. See Matter of Tawfik, 

;
Matter of E-M-, 

 (Comm. 1989) (stating that “the purpose

                                      606
    Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                                Interim Decision #3960




of evidence is to ascertain the truth” and the “[t]ruth is to be determined not
by the quantity of the evidence alone, but by its quality”). Whether the
evidence in any given case is sufficiently substantial and probative to support
a finding of marriage fraud will depend upon the factual circumstances of
each case. Matter of E-M-, 20 I&N Dec. at 79.
    Given that the consequence of engaging in marriage fraud under section
204(c) of the Act is a permanent bar to the approval of any future visa
petition, the evidence of fraud must be relatively high to trigger the bar. We
conclude that the degree of proof required for a finding of marriage fraud
sufficient to support the denial of a visa petition under section 204(c) of
the Act should be higher than a preponderance of the evidence and closer
to clear and convincing evidence. Thus, we hold that to be “substantial and
probative,” the evidence must establish that it is more than probably true that
the marriage is fraudulent. 7 In clarifying the degree of proof required under
section 204(c), we note that this is consistent with the standard we currently
employ in adjudicating visa petitions involving marriage fraud.

            D. Substantial and Probative Evidence of Marriage Fraud

    The application of the “substantial and probative evidence” standard
requires the examination of all of the relevant evidence and a determination
as to whether such evidence, when viewed in its totality, establishes, with
sufficient probability, that the marriage is fraudulent. Matter of E-M-, 20
I&N Dec. at 80. “Direct evidence” is “[e]vidence that is based on personal
knowledge or observation and that, if true, proves a fact without inference or
presumption.” Evidence, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). A sworn
statement by the parties admitting that the marriage is fraudulent, that money
changed hands, and that the couple did not intend to live together or
consummate the marriage is direct evidence of fraud that is “substantial and
probative.” See, e.g., Ali v. United States, 

 (1st Cir. 2017);
Eid v. Thompson, 

 (3d Cir. 2014); Oddo v. Reno, 

 (4th Cir. 1999) (per curiam) (unpublished table decision); Ghaly v. INS,

, 1427–28 (7th Cir. 1995). But see Ching v. Mayorkas, 

, 1154–56 (9th Cir. 2013).



7
   Matter of E-M-, 20 I&N Dec. at 80, explained the relevant degrees of proof as follows: “[W]hen
something has to be proved by clear and convincing evidence, the proof must demonstrate
that it is highly probably true. But, when something is to be established by a preponderance
of the evidence it is sufficient that the proof only establish that it is probably true.” Our
standard for section 204(c) cases is higher than a preponderance of the evidence but less
than clear and convincing evidence, which we refer to as “more than probably true.”

                                              607
 Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                      Interim Decision #3960




    By contrast, “circumstantial evidence” is “[e]vidence based on inference
and not on personal knowledge or observation.” Black’s Law Dictionary,
supra. We have explained that “any relevant evidence” can be considered in
establishing marriage fraud, but the evidence relied upon must create more
than a “reasonable inference” of fraud. Matter of Tawfik, 20 I&N Dec at 168.
Notably, we did not expressly require “direct” or “affirmative” evidence of
fraud. In fact, neither the statute, the regulation, nor our own precedent
prohibits us from relying on circumstantial evidence, which may alone be
sufficient to constitute “substantial and probative evidence” of marriage
fraud under section 204(c). That is, in certain cases, the quality and quantity
of the circumstantial evidence may be sufficient to create such a strong
inference of fraud that it rises to the level of substantial and probative.
    Most of the Federal court cases addressing marriage fraud under section
204(c) of the Act involve direct evidence of fraud, often a sworn statement
admitting to the fraud that has not been credibly refuted or rebutted.
However, an admission or other such direct evidence is not necessary to
establish marriage fraud. See Atieh v. Riordan, 

 (1st Cir.
2015). In addition to Atieh, other courts have found that circumstantial
evidence alone is sufficient to establish fraud under section 204(c).
    For example, in Omokoro v. Hamilton, 

 (5th Cir.
2017) (per curiam), the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
held that a beneficiary’s marriage to a United States citizen was fraudulent
based on the facts that her husband married two other women during the first
year of their marriage and that she filed her taxes as a single person while
she was married to him. Moreover, the couple failed to provide evidence that
they ever lived at the same address or combined their finances, and there
were inconsistencies in the record regarding their wedding date. In addition,
there was “no substantive effort to negate the USCIS’ finding” that the prior
marriage was a sham—just the bald assertion that the marriage was entered
into in good faith. Id.; see also Dinh v. United States, 

(9th Cir. 2016) (finding substantial and probative evidence of marriage fraud
where the couple first met on the day of the wedding, which was arranged by
a broker; the beneficiary left the State on the day of the wedding and never
saw her spouse again; and the beneficiary was not mentioned on any joint
bank accounts, insurance, or leases). Thus, both direct and circumstantial
evidence may be considered in determining whether there is “substantial and
probative evidence” of marriage fraud under section 204(c) of the Act.
    There are a number of factors that should be considered in determining
whether the “substantial and probative” evidence standard has been met.
Significant inconsistencies coupled with minimal documentary evidence of
a shared life may support a conclusion that a petitioner has not met his or her
burden to establish the bona fides of the marriage. See, e.g., 8 C.F.R.

                                      608
 Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                       Interim Decision #3960




§ 204.2(a)(1)(iii)(B) (setting forth evidence to establish the bona fides of a
marriage). Where there are some minor inconsistencies and the documentary
evidence is limited, they should be considered in assessing whether there is
fraud, but these factors, without more, would not likely be sufficient to satisfy
the substantial and probative evidence standard for marriage fraud.
    However, evidence that the parties knowingly and deliberately attempted
to mislead or deceive immigration officials regarding their cohabitation, joint
finances, or other aspects of the marriage strongly indicate fraud. Detailed
reports from on-site visits and field investigations are especially important
pieces of evidence that may reveal the presence of fraud. Evidence that the
parties have other romantic partners, with whom they may have children, is
also a significant consideration, especially when these facts are either not
disclosed or are deliberately concealed. Statements from family members,
employers, or acquaintances indicating they do not know about the marriage
or that the parties told them the marriage is a sham are additional indicia of
fraud. Other circumstantial evidence that may support a finding of marriage
fraud includes evidence that one or both parties have been filing taxes as
single persons during the marriage or otherwise holding themselves out to be
single while representing to immigration officials that they are still married.
Official Government documents indicating fraud carry more evidentiary
weight than informal evidence of a bona fide marriage, such as insurance
policies or bank account statements.
    Moreover, although section 204(c) of the Act applies only where the
beneficiary is found to have engaged in fraud, actions of a petitioning spouse
may be relevant to the inquiry. For example, where there is evidence that the
petitioner has been married to several beneficiaries, especially if a connection
between the petitioner and a former spouse has continued through joint
property ownership, finances, or benefits, the likelihood of the beneficiary’s
involvement in a fraudulent scheme should be considered. In assessing
whether a beneficiary’s denial of involvement in fraud is credible, the
Director should consider if a United States citizen petitioner might have a
motive “to defraud the United States on [the beneficiary’s] behalf without
[his or her] knowledge.” Zemeka, 

 (citation omitted).
    Furthermore, affidavits alone will generally not be sufficient to overcome
evidence of marriage fraud in the record without objective documentary
evidence to corroborate the assertions made by the affiants. 

(a)(1)(i)(B)(5) (“Affidavits should be supported, if possible, by one
or more types of documentary evidence . . . .”); Matter of Patel, 19 I&N Dec.
at 786 (deeming the affidavits in that case to be “credible and worthy of
considerable weight because they are detailed, internally consistent, and
plausible; they include explanations of how the affiants acquired knowledge
of the facts set forth; and they are corroborated by historical evidence”).

                                      609
 Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                       Interim Decision #3960




    In isolation, these factors may not necessarily be sufficient to constitute
substantial and probative evidence of marriage fraud. However, “even if
particular facts ‘may not [be] sufficient individually to establish a finding of
fraud,’ those same facts, when taken together, may provide ‘ample support’
for an agency to infer a fraudulent marriage.” Atieh, 

 n.4
(citation omitted). In determining if the evidence of marriage fraud is
substantial and probative, that is, whether it establishes that it is more than
probably true that the marriage is fraudulent, the nature, quality, quantity,
and credibility of the evidence in the record should be considered in its
totality. This assessment may be based on either direct or circumstantial
evidence.

                       E. Application to the Petitioner

    The record in this case supports the Director’s determination that
approval of the visa petition is barred under section 204(c) of the Act. The
record contains “substantial and probative evidence” of marriage fraud by
the beneficiary. 

(a)(1)(ii). The admission of the
beneficiary’s wife during the site visit that her marriage to the beneficiary is
a sham is the most direct evidence of fraud. Although the beneficiary’s wife
has subsequently denied making this statement, her admission was recorded
by Government officials in the course of conducting an investigation, and
the petitioner has not overcome the presumption that such officials properly
discharge their duties in good faith. See United States v. Armstrong, 

 (1996) (holding that “in the absence of clear evidence to
the contrary, courts presume that [Government officials] have properly
discharged their official duties” (citation omitted)); Matter of Grijalva,

 (BIA 1995).
    Moreover, other evidence in the record supports the reliability of the
admissions made by the beneficiary’s wife. Her multiple inconsistent
statements regarding who lived in the home, and in which bedrooms,
undermine her credibility and reflect an attempt to mislead the officers into
believing that she was in a marital relationship with the beneficiary. During
the site visit, a number of physical discrepancies were noted. The officers
noticed a photo of the beneficiary and his wife’s daughter in an “intimate
pose,” and the master bedroom contained no evidence that it was inhabited
by his wife. To the contrary, the evidence found there related solely to the
beneficiary and his wife’s daughter.
    In addition, articles belonging to the beneficiary’s spouse were found in
a basement bedroom. There has been no explanation why her daughter,
rather than the beneficiary’s spouse, occupied the master bedroom, a point
conceded by the petitioner on appeal. The record also contains documentary

                                      610
    Cite as 

 (BIA 2019)                             Interim Decision #3960




evidence that the beneficiary and his wife’s daughter jointly own the house,
contrary to his wife’s claim that she owned the home during the site visit. 8
    These factors, coupled with the highly improbable circumstance of the
beneficiary marrying the grandmother of his children, are sufficient to
constitute substantial and probative evidence that the marriage was entered
into to evade the immigration laws. The Director properly gave greater
weight to the site visit report than to other evidence of record, including the
evidence submitted in response to the notice of intent to deny, and she
reached her own independent conclusion based on the evidence before her.
See Matter of Tawfik, 20 I&N Dec. at 168.
    The petitioner argues on appeal that the record contains no evidence of
fraud “other than the disputed statement” by the beneficiary’s spouse that she
married the beneficiary as a favor to her daughter. That contention is
demonstrably untrue. Even disregarding the disputed admission, the
remaining evidence creates a strong inference that the marriage between the
beneficiary and his spouse is a sham. This constitutes substantial and
probative evidence that the purpose of the marriage was to evade the
immigration laws. Furthermore, the fact that the beneficiary and his spouse
remain married and have submitted some documentary evidence of a joint
life does not overcome the substantial and probative evidence of fraud in this
case. 9 The question is not whether a couple currently resides together, but
whether they intended to establish a life together as husband and wife at the
time they were married. Matter of McKee, 17 I&N Dec. at 334; see also Roe
v. INS, 

 (9th Cir. 1985); Matter of Boromand, 17 I&N
Dec. at 454.

                                IV. CONCLUSION
    In light of the substantial and probative evidence of marriage fraud, we
conclude that the record supports the Director’s decision that the beneficiary
entered into a sham marriage for the purpose of procuring an immigration
benefit. Approval of the visa petition is therefore barred by section 204(c)
of the Act. Accordingly, the petitioner’s appeal will be dismissed.
    ORDER: The appeal is dismissed.

8
   The summary of findings by the FDNS also notes that the tip-line received a tip stating
that the beneficiary married his spouse to “get his papers.”
9
   The petitioner argues that the validity of the beneficiary’s marriage is evidenced by the
fact that he could have adjusted his status by marrying his spouse’s daughter, a lawful
permanent resident, instead of marrying the petitioner’s grandmother. However, absent
other facts, including the availability of visas under a different category or her ability to
confer immigration status, this assertion is speculative and does not support the claim that
the beneficiary’s marriage is bona fide.

                                            611