270 F. Supp. 2d 132 - Howard v. Malac’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

2 district ·

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 2 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “The First Circuit has recognized the following specific doctrines under which a private actor can be considered a state actor: (1) the public function doctrine, under which a private entity is deemed a state actor if it is performing an exclusively public function, Logiodice v. Trustees of Maine Cent. Inst., 296 F.3d 22 , 26 (1st Cir.2002); (2) the “nexus” doctrine, under which a private entity is deemed a state actor if the State “has exercised coercive power or has provided such significant encouragement, either overt or covert, that the challenged conduct fairly can be attributed to the State,” Perkins v. Londonderry Basketball Club, 196 F.3d 13, 19 (1st Cir.1999) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); (3) the “symbiotic relationship” doctrine, under which a private entity is deemed a state actor if the State “has so far insinuated itself into a position of interdependence with [the private entity] that it must be recognized as a joint participant in the challenged activity,” id. at 21 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); and (4) the “entwinement” doctrine, under which a private entity can be classified as a state actor when “it is entwined with governmental policies or when government is entwined in [its] management or control,” Logiodice, 296 F.3d at 27 (quoting Brentwood Acad. v. Tennessee Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 531 U.S. 288, 296 , 121 S.Ct. 924 , 148 L.Ed.2d 807 (2001)).”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage
   e.g. MARR EX REL. MARR v. Schofield