Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida
Opinion filed March 13, 2019.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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No. 3D18-757
Lower Tribunal No. 16-3589
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The State of Florida,
Petitioner,
vs.
Phillip Mackey,
Respondent.
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade
County, Lisa S. Walsh, Judge.
Ashley Moody, Attorney General, and Jonathan Tanoos, Assistant Attorney
General, for petitioner.
Carlos J. Martinez, Public Defender, and Jeffrey Paul DeSousa, Assistant
Public Defender, for respondent.
Before EMAS, C.J., and LOGUE and SCALES, JJ.
SCALES, J.
In a petition filed on April 18, 2018, the State of Florida seeks certiorari
review of the lower court’s March 19, 2018 “Order Granting Defendant’s Motion
to Enforce Jury Verdict.” Because the order on review effectively dismissed the
information under section 924.07(1)(a) of the Florida Statutes (2018) and Florida
Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.140(c)(1)(A), it was an appealable order that could
be reviewed only if review were sought within fifteen days of rendition. See Fla.
R. App. P. 9.140(c)(3) (providing that the State shall file its notice of appeal “with
the clerk of the lower tribunal within 15 days of rendition of the order to be
reviewed”). We lack jurisdiction to review the order, and, therefore, dismiss the
petition, because it was not filed within fifteen days of the rendition of the
challenged order.
I. RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
1. The trial
The State charged Phillip Mackey by information with one count of
attempted first degree premeditated murder for shooting the victim with a firearm
on or about February 21, 2016. The case was tried before a jury in October 2017.
At trial, Mackey acknowledged that he was the shooter, but argued that he had
acted in self-defense.
At the conclusion of the trial, the lower court instructed the jury on the
charged offense of attempted first degree premeditated murder and the lesser
2
included offenses of attempted second degree murder and attempted manslaughter
by act. In accordance with the jury instructions, the verdict form submitted to the
jury asked the jury to decide whether Mackey was guilty of the charged offense,
one of the lesser included offenses, or was not guilty.
During the jury’s deliberation, the jury sent a note to the judge asking the
court to “explain reasonable doubt once more.” The court instructed the jury to
rely on Florida Standard Jury Instruction (Criminal) 3.7, which defines reasonable
doubt. Sometime later, the jury sent a second note to the judge stating the jury
could not reach a verdict. In response, the court read Florida Standard Jury
Instruction (Criminal) 4.11 to the jury over defense counsel’s objection.
After deliberating further, the jury sent a third note to the judge stating, “We
cannot agree on a verdict.” Without objection, the court sent a court-prepared form
to the jury room asking the jurors for a split of their vote. The completed
document returned to the court read, in substance, as follows:
JURY POLL
Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, you have indicated that you cannot
reach a verdict. Before you are excused, please indicate the following
by filling in numbers only next to the options below:
Jurors in favor of Guilty [of] Attempted First Degree Premeditated
Murder: 0
Jurors in favor of Guilty of Attempted Second Degree Murder: 0
1 The jury instruction amounts to giving an Allen charge. See Allen v. U.S., 164
U.S. 492 (1896).
3
Jurors in favor of Guilty of Attempted Manslaughter by Act: 1
Jurors in favor of Not Guilty: 5
So say we all:
Foreperson - Sign
Foreperson - Print Name
The jury foreperson signed the form and printed her name on the spaces provided
at the bottom of the document.
The trial transcript reflects that, when the jury returned to the courtroom, the
court immediately thanked the jurors for their service and discharged them.
Neither party objected to the jury’s discharge, nor sought to make any inquiry of
the jury prior to their discharge. Upon the jury’s exit from the courtroom, the
following discussion ensued:
THE COURT: All right at this time the jury having been unable to
reach a verdict, I’m declaring a mistrial. When do you all want me to
reset this for?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: For trial, Judge?
THE COURT: For anything, what do you all want me to do next?
[STATE ATTORNEY]: State’s asking for a sounding. Maybe we
need time to check our witness availability.
THE COURT: That means I should set it for a status.
[STATE ATTORNEY]: For a status.
THE COURT: Mr. McNeil?
4
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I’m okay with a status. I would like the
earliest possible trial date.
THE COURT: So let me set if [sic] for status on Monday . . .
Defense counsel asked the trial court to set a bond. The trial court agreed and set
bail at $5000. The proceeding then concluded.
That same day, October 25, 2017, the “Jury Poll” was filed with the lower
court clerk. The parties are in agreement that neither party thereafter filed any
timely post-trial motion and that the case then returned to a pre-trial posture.
2. Mackey’s “Motion to Enter the Jury’s Verdict”
On December 22, 2017, Mackey, through counsel, filed his “Motion to Enter
the Jury’s Verdict” (“Mackey’s Motion”). Therein, Mackey argued that he could
not be retried for attempted first degree premeditated murder or attempted second
degree murder because either: (i) the “Jury Poll” constituted a unanimous not
guilty verdict on those offenses; or (ii) the “Jury Poll” constituted an acquittal on
both offenses under the parameters discussed in the United States Supreme Court’s
decision in Blueford v. Arkansas, 566 U.S. 599 (2012), such that jeopardy had
attached to the offenses. Mackey’s Motion did not specify any rule of criminal
procedure authorizing the motion.
On March 11, 2018, the State filed its response to Mackey’s Motion.
Therein, the State responded that Mackey’s Motion should be denied on both
grounds, claiming that: (i) the “Jury Poll” did not constitute a verdict for its failure
5
to comply with Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.4402 governing rendition,
reception, and recordation of a jury verdict in a criminal case; and (ii) on the facts
of this case, the Blueford decision provided no basis for finding that the “Jury Poll”
constituted an acquittal.
On March 19, 2018, a successor judge entered the order on review: “Order
Granting Defendant’s Motion to Enforce Jury Verdict” (the “subject order”).
Therein, the trial court agreed with the State that the “Jury Poll” did not constitute
a verdict “as envisioned” by rule 3.440 because it “was not read aloud in the
presence of the jury, and the parties did not have an opportunity to poll the jury on
the greater offenses of attempted first and second-degree murder in open court.”
Nevertheless, the lower court agreed with Mackey’s alternate argument, finding
that “under Blueford . . . the jury poll here, while it did not constitute a verdict
under the form of Rule 3.440, was an acquittal under Florida and federal
2 Rule 3.440 provides:
When the jurors have agreed upon a verdict they shall be conducted
into the courtroom by the officer having them in charge. The court
shall ask the foreperson if an agreement has been reached on a verdict.
If the foreperson answers in the affirmative, the judge shall call on the
foreperson to deliver the verdict in writing to the clerk. The court may
then examine the verdict and correct it as to matters of form with the
unanimous consent of the jurors. The clerk shall then read the verdict
to the jurors and, unless disagreement is expressed by one or more of
them or the jury is polled, the verdict shall be entered of record, and
the jurors discharged from the cause. No verdict may be rendered
unless all of the trial jurors concur in it.
6
jurisprudence, was final, and therefore bars retrial on the greater offenses of
attempted first-degree murder and attempted second-degree murder.” Finding that
“retrial was prohibited” on those offenses, the lower court directed the State to file
an amended information within ten days. Like Mackey’s Motion, the subject order
did not cite to any rule of criminal procedure authorizing consideration of
Mackey’s Motion.
3. The instant petition for writ of certiorari
On April 18, 2018, thirty days after the subject order was rendered below,
the State filed in this Court the instant petition for writ of certiorari, seeking to
quash the subject order. Therein, the State argues that it must seek review via
certiorari, claiming that the subject order is not one of the enumerated appealable
orders set forth in section 924.07(1) and rule 9.140(c).3
Mackey moved to dismiss the State’s petition for untimeliness, arguing that
the subject order is akin to an order “dismissing . . . an information” under section
924.07(1)(a) and rule 9.140(c)(1)(A), which must be appealed within fifteen days
of the order’s rendition. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.140(c)(3). This is because, Mackey
claims, the subject order should be viewed as an order granting a Florida Rule of
Criminal Procedure 3.190(c)(2)4 pre-trial motion to dismiss the charged offense
from the information on double jeopardy grounds.
3 The statute and rule read, in all material respects, the same.
7
The State responded to Mackey’s motion to dismiss, arguing that the subject
order is akin to an order granting a Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.6805 post-
trial motion for judgment on an informal jury verdict. Treating the order in this
manner, the State argues, it may seek review only through a petition for writ of
certiorari.
On April 23, 2018, in an unelaborated clerk’s order, this Court denied
Mackey’s motion to dismiss the instant petition. Mackey then filed a petition for
writ of prohibition in the Florida Supreme Court, arguing that this Court was acting
in excess of its jurisdiction by failing to dismiss the State’s certiorari petition. See
4 Rule 3.190, titled “Pretrial Motions,” provides, in material respects:
(b) Motion to Dismiss; Grounds. All defenses available to a
defendant by plea, other than not guilty, shall be made only by motion
to dismiss the indictment or information, whether the same shall relate
to matters of form, substance, former acquittal, former jeopardy, or
any other defense.
(c) Time for Moving to Dismiss. . . . [T]he court may at any time
entertain a motion to dismiss on any of the following grounds:
....
(2) The defendant is charged with an offense for which the defendant
previously has been placed in jeopardy.
Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.190(b), (c)(2).
5 Rule 3.680 provides, in relevant part, that “[i]f a verdict is rendered from which it
can be clearly understood that the jurors intended to acquit the defendant, a
judgment of not guilty shall be rendered thereon even though the verdict is
defective.”
8
Mackey v. State, SC18-915. The Florida Supreme Court stayed the instant petition
pending resolution of the prohibition petition before it.
On September 28, 2018, via clerk’s order, the Florida Supreme Court denied
Mackey’s petition for writ of prohibition, and lifted the stay of the proceeding in
this Court. The matter was then fully briefed before this Court and oral argument
held.6
II. ANALYSIS
While the State urges us to reach the merits raised in its petition,7 we reach
the merits only if we have certiorari jurisdiction to review the subject order. See
6 We reject the State’s argument that the Florida Supreme Court’s disposition of
Mackey’s petition for writ of prohibition in that tribunal is somehow “law of the
case.” The clerk’s order dismissing the prohibition provides that Mackey “has
failed to demonstrate that a lower court is attempting to act in excess of its
jurisdiction.” The order cites to Mandico v. Taos Construction, Inc., 605 So. 2d
850 (Fla. 1992) and English v. McCrary,
348 So. 2d 293 (Fla. 1997), which, as
relevant here, merely stand for the general proposition that “prohibition may not be
used to divest a lower tribunal of jurisdiction to hear and determine the question of
its own jurisdiction.” Mandico,
605 So. 2d at 854. Nor does this Court’s prior,
unelaborated order denying Mackey’s motion to dismiss the instant certiorari
petition preclude this Court from reconsidering the issue now. “Under this court’s
long-standing practice, an order which denies a motion to dismiss the appeal
without opinion is an interlocutory ruling which may be revisited by the merits
panel.” State v. Bryant,
901 So. 2d 381, 382 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005). It was,
therefore, permissible, in his response to the State’s certiorari petition, for Mackey
to renew his argument that the instant proceeding is untimely.
Id.
7That is, whether the “Jury Poll” filed below prohibits retrial of Mackey on the
charges of attempted first degree premeditated murder and attempted second
degree murder.
9
Bode v. State, 909 So. 2d 537, 537 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005). Hence, we must first
decide the threshold question of whether the subject order is an appealable order
under section 924.07(1) and rule 9.140(c)(1) for which appellate review must be
sought within fifteen days of rendition, as required by rule 9.140(c)(3). If so, we
must dismiss the State’s petition because we cannot, under Florida Rule of
Appellate Procedure 9.040(c),8 treat the State’s petition as an appeal where the
petition was not timely filed. See Pacha v. Salfi,
381 So. 2d 373, 374 (Fla. 5th
DCA 1980) (“The petition for writ of prohibition was not filed until [it was] too
late for us to consider [the petition] as a proper appeal sought by an improper
remedy pursuant to Fla. R. App. P. 9.040(c). If we entertain this petition for
prohibition, we are extending to the petitioner the privilege of an untimely
appeal.”); see also State v. Bjorkland,
924 So. 2d 971, 975 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006)
(“Certiorari is an original proceeding designed to provide extraordinary relief. It is
not intended to provide review when an error can be repaired on appeal.”). For the
following reasons, we conclude that the subject order was an appealable order
which we can review only if appealed within fifteen days of rendition; therefore,
we must dismiss the State’s petition because we lack jurisdiction to adjudicate its
merits.
8 Rule 9.040(c) provides that “[i]f a party seeks an improper remedy, the cause
shall be treated as if the proper remedy had been sought; provided that it shall not
be the responsibility of the court to seek the proper remedy.”
10
1. Mackey’s Motion is a pre-trial motion
Both parties agree – and the record supports the notion – that, after the trial
court, on October 25, 2017, discharged the jury and declared a mistrial, the case
returned to a pre-trial posture. Immediately after the trial court declared a mistrial,
the court set the case for “status,” telling the parties to figure out a future trial date.
Defense counsel asked the trial court to set a bond. The trial court agreed, set bail
at $5000 and then adjourned the proceeding.
The trial court docket reflects that the following events then occurred: (i) in
early November 2017, Mackey posted bond; (ii) in late November 2017, a witness
list was filed; (iii) in early December 2017, an amended discovery exhibit was
filed; (iv) a trial hearing was scheduled for late February 2018; and (v) on
December 22, 2017, nearly two months after the trial court had declared the
mistrial, defense counsel filed Mackey’s Motion. All of these events denote pre-
trial proceedings, which compel us to view Mackey’s Motion as a pre-trial motion.
2. This Court treats Mackey’s Motion as a rule 3.190(c)(2) pre-trial motion
Having determined that Mackey’s Motion is a pre-trial motion, we next must
decide what rule of criminal procedure authorized Mackey’s Motion.
Rule 3.190(c)(2) expressly authorizes a defendant to file a pre-trial motion to
dismiss criminal charges from an information on the ground that the information
charges the defendant “with an offense for which the defendant previously has
11
been placed in jeopardy.” Indeed, it appears this rule provides the exclusive
procedural mechanism for a defendant to assert a double jeopardy challenge before
trial.
While the State is correct that: (i) the title of Mackey’s Motion, as well as
the first issue raised therein, asked the trial court to treat the court-crafted “Jury
Poll” as an actual jury verdict; (ii) Mackey’s Motion failed to cite to rule
3.190(c)(2); and (iii) Mackey’s Motion did not expressly ask that the information
filed below be “dismissed,” such frailties do not frustrate the substance of
Mackey’s Motion: challenging, on double jeopardy grounds, the State’s ability to
retry Mackey for attempted first degree premediated murder and attempted second
degree murder. Because Mackey’s Motion plainly asserts that retrying him on the
offenses of attempted first degree premeditated murder and attempted second
degree murder would violate double jeopardy, we have little difficulty treating
Mackey’s Motion as a rule 3.190(c)(2) motion, effectively seeking to dismiss the
information on double jeopardy grounds. See State ex. rel. Sebers v. McNulty, 326
So. 2d 17, 18 n.1 (Fla. 1975) (“[C]haracterization [of a motion] when made is not
as important as the legal effect at the time of ruling.”); Castro v. State,
201 So. 3d
77, 77 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) (“Florida courts emphasize substance over form. In
essence, if the pleading is incorrectly labeled, this Court will focus on the
substance of the pleading and not its title.”) (citation omitted); State v. Hankerson,
12
482 So. 2d 1386, 1387 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986) (treating a “motion to reduce” as a
motion to dismiss an information under rule 3.190(c)(4)); State v. Smulowitz,
482
So. 2d 1388, 1388-89 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986) (citing Hankerson, and treating a sworn
motion to reduce a charge as a rule 3.190(c)(4) motion).
3. Under Hankerson and Smulowitz, the “legal effect” of the subject order
on Mackey’s Motion determines the subject order’s appealability
Having determined that rule 3.190(c)(2) authorized Mackey’s Motion, we
next must decide whether this Court may treat the subject order as an order
granting a rule 3.190(c)(2) motion, such that the notice of seeking appellate review
of the subject order granting same must commence within fifteen days of its
rendition. This Court’s jurisprudence compels us to treat the subject order as such
an order.
i. Hankerson
In Hankerson, this Court considered how, for appellate purposes, to treat an
order granting the defendant’s pre-trial “motion to reduce” the charge of robbery to
theft. The trial court granted the motion because, “in the trial court’s view, the
facts . . . did not support a robbery prosecution.” Hankerson, 482 So. 2d at 1387.
The State appealed, arguing that this Court should treat the order under review as
an order granting relief under rule 3.190(c)(4),9 which is appealable by the State
under section 924.07(1)(a) and rule 9.140(c)(1)(A).
Id.
9 Rule 3.190(c)(4) permits the defendant to seek dismissal of charges within an
13
Because rule 3.190 does not, on its face, authorize a pre-trial “motion to
reduce,” the defendant argued that this Court should dismiss the State’s appeal,
claiming that an order granting a pre-trial “motion to reduce” was not one of the
enumerated orders the State is entitled to appeal. Id. This Court disagreed, finding
that, “[a]nalytically, an order reducing a charge set forth in the information or
indictment to some lesser-included charge is, despite its label, an order dismissing
the charge in the information.”
Id. This Court explained further that, “as is well
established, the label a party gives to a motion does not control its legal effect or
the appealability of an order disposing of the motion.”
Id. (citing McNulty,
326 So.
2d at 18, n.1).
ii. Smulowitz
Similarly, in Smulowitz, which was released on the same day as Hankerson,
this Court held that a pre-trial order dismissing the crime charged in an information
and reducing the charge to a lesser included offense should be treated as “the
functional equivalent of a dismissal of an information or any count thereof” under
rule 3.190(c)(4), and is “accordingly appealable by the state under Section
924.07(1).” Smulowitz, 482 So. 2d at 1388-89; see also K.L. v. State,
626 So. 2d
1027, 1027 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993) (citing Hankerson, concluding that “the trial
information or indictment where “[t]here are no material disputed facts and the
undisputed facts do not establish a prima facie case of guilt against the defendant.”
14
court’s order, despite its label, was an order dismissing the charge in the petition
for delinquency”).10
iii. The subject order
In the subject order granting Mackey’s Motion, the trial court clearly stated
that, while “no ‘verdict’ occurred as envisioned by Florida Rule[] of Criminal
Procedure 3.440,” the “Jury Poll” was “an acquittal” under Blueford v. Arkansas
that “bars retrial on the greater offenses of attempted first-degree murder and
attempted second-degree murder.” (Emphasis added). Moreover, though the trial
court did not specifically state in the subject order that it was “dismissing” the
10 The State is correct that the Florida Supreme Court rejected this Court’s
application of Hankerson’s “legal effect” methodology in Exposito v. State, 891
So. 2d 525 (Fla. 2004). But, in doing so, the Florida Supreme Court was careful to
distinguish Hankerson, rather than to overrule it.
Exposito dealt with an order on a post-trial motion to reduce a criminal
charge under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.620; while, as noted by the
Florida Supreme Court, “Hankerson concerned a pretrial motion to reduce the
charge under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.190(c)(4).” Id. at 529.
Importantly, the Court determined that “because of the different procedural posture
in Hankerson, . . . the Third District’s reliance on that case [in Exposito] was
misplaced.”
Id. The Court then went on to reject the State’s arguments that the
underlying order had the “legal effect” of granting a judgment of acquittal, and that
the order was, therefore, appealable under section 924.07(1)(j).
Id. at 531.
Although in light of Exposito, the Hankerson/Smulowitz “legal effect”
methodology has since been called into doubt by the First District in the context of
pre-trial orders purporting to dismiss an information, see State v. Odom, 24 So. 3d
1266 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009) (distinguishing Hankerson and Smulowitz on their
facts), neither Hankerson nor Smulowitz have been overruled. The “legal effect”
methodology, therefore, remains the established precedent in this district with
respect to the appealability an order granting a criminal defendant’s rule 3.190 pre-trial motion.
15
State’s information, the trial court ordered the State to file an amended information
not containing the attempted murder offenses of which, according to the trial court,
the jury had previously “acquitted” Mackey. Hence, the subject order was the
functional equivalent of a dismissal of the information on double jeopardy
grounds. Indeed, on finding that “retrial was prohibited” on the two attempted
murder offenses, the trial court directed the State to “file an amended information
within 10 days of this order” with “[t]rial [to] be promptly scheduled after a new
charging document is filed and the defendant arraigned.” There would be no need
for the State to file a new information containing just the offense of attempted
manslaughter by act unless the trial court had effectively dismissed the information
on double jeopardy grounds.11
For these reasons, notwithstanding its label as an “Order Granting
Defendant’s Motion to Enforce Jury Verdict,” we conclude that the subject order
had the legal effect of granting a rule 3.190(c)(2) motion to dismiss the information
on double jeopardy grounds. As such, the subject order was appealable by the
State under section 924.07(1)(a) and rule 9.140(c)(1)(A) as an order “dismissing . .
. an information or any count thereof.”
III. CONCLUSION
11 At oral argument, the State conceded that the subject order was neither a
judgment nor a verdict.
16
We conclude that Mackey’s Motion was, in relevant part, a rule 3.190(c)(2)
pre-trial motion to dismiss the information on double jeopardy grounds. As such,
the subject order expressly barring re-trial of Mackey on the offenses of attempted
first degree premediated murder and attempted second degree murder on double
jeopardy grounds was an appealable order under section 924.07(1)(a) and rule
9.140(c)(1)(A). The State, therefore, was required to seek appellate review of the
order within fifteen days of its rendition. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.140(c)(3). Because
the subject order was an appealable order, and, because the State did not file its
petition within fifteen days after the subject order was rendered, we cannot treat
the State’s petition as an appeal. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.140(c)(3); Fla. R. App. P.
9.040(c). We therefore do not reach the merits of the State’s petition, and express
no opinion on its merits, because we are compelled to dismiss the petition for lack
of jurisdiction.
Petition for writ of certiorari dismissed.
17
