Daniel Lee’s Empirical Analysis
2002
Citation profile
4 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 23 later decisions — most recently July 2022
4 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Ward v. Rock Against Racism · Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co. · West v. Atkins · Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co. · Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 23 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“What is fairly attributable[as state action] is a matter of normative judgment, and the criteria lack rigid simplicity.... [N]o one fact can function as a necessary condition across the board ... nor is any set of circumstances absolutely sufficient, for there may be some countervailing reason against attributing activity to the government.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Kirtley v. Rainey“Under the public function test, when private individuals or groups are endowed by the State with powers or functions governmental in nature, they become agencies or instrumentalities of the State and subject to its constitutional limitations.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Kirtley v. Rainey“both traditionally and exclusively governmental.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Kirtley v. Rainey
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.