28 U.S.C. § 1366
Section 1366 · Construction of references to laws of the United States or Acts of Congress
Amended 3 times on record
Applied in 17 court decisions — leading case Madley v. United States Parole Commission (2002)
Most recently applied in DC v. Exxon Mobil Corporation (December 2023)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
For the purposes of this chapter, references to laws of the United States or Acts of Congress do not include laws applicable exclusively to the District of Columbia.