28 U.S.C. § 1444
Section 1444 · Foreclosure action against United States
Amended 2 times on record
Applied in 182 court decisions — leading case Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis (1996)
Most recently applied in Jean Gagnon v. P Constance Gagnon, et al. (August 2022)
Cases citing this section usually also cite 28 U.S.C. § 2410 · 26 U.S.C. § 6321 · 28 U.S.C. § 1441
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Any action brought under section 2410 of this title against the United States in any State court may be removed by the United States to the district court of the United States for the district and division in which the action is pending.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Historical and Revision Notes
1948 Act
Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §903 (Mar. 4, 1931, ch. 515, §3, 46 Stat. 1529).
The procedural provisions of section 903 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., were omitted as covered by section 1446 of this title.
Changes were made in phraseology.
1949 Act
This section corrects typographical errors in section 1444 of title 28, U.S.C.
Amendments
1949—Act May 24, 1949, inserted “court” between “State” and “may”, and substituted “division” for “divisions”.
Cross References
Actions affecting property on which United States has a lien, see section 2410 of this title.
Stay of State court proceedings, see section 2283 of this title.