29 U.S.C. § 412
Section 412 · Civil action for infringement of rights; jurisdiction
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 527 court decisions — leading case Calhoon v. Harvey (1964)
Most recently applied in Alexander Bastani v. American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO (June 2023)
Applied most in the Third Circuit Circuit (35 decisions)
Cases citing this section usually also cite 29 U.S.C. § 411 · 29 U.S.C. § 185 · 29 U.S.C. § 401
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Any person whose rights secured by the provisions of this subchapter have been infringed by any violation of this subchapter may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States for such relief (including injunctions) as may be appropriate. Any such action against a labor organization shall be brought in the district court of the United States for the district where the alleged violation occurred, or where the principal office of such labor organization is located.