29 U.S.C. § 440
Section 440 · Civil action for enforcement by Secretary; jurisdiction
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 28 court decisions — leading case International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers v. Brock (1986)
Most recently applied in AL Educ Assn v. Chao, Elaine L. (August 2006)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Whenever it shall appear that any person has violated or is about to violate any of the provisions of this subchapter, the Secretary may bring a civil action for such relief (including injunctions) as may be appropriate. Any such action may be brought in the district court of the United States where the violation occurred or, at the option of the parties, in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.