J-A08034-23
2023 PA Super 83
T. LEE ROUSE : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
KIMBERLY ROSENBERG AND : No. 828 WDA 2022
HOWARD ROSENBERG, HER :
HUSBAND AND MARTHA LAUX :
Appeal from the Order Entered July 11, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Civil Division at
No(s): GD-21-014912
BEFORE: STABILE, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
OPINION BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED: May 15, 2023
This case involves a cause of action for emotional distress resulting from
interference with a dead body. Under § 868 of the First Restatement of Torts,
as adopted by our Supreme Court in Papieves v. Lawrence, 263 A.3d 118,
120 (Pa. 1970), “one who wantonly mistreats or, acting without privilege,
intentionally withholds the body of a decedent is liable in tort to the member
of the decedent’s family who is entitled to the disposition of the body.” The
issue here is whether a person “intentionally withholds” a missing murder
victim’s body where they allegedly acted as accessories after the fact but are
not alleged to have helped hide the body or even know its location.
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A08034-23
The plaintiff, T. Lee Rouse (Rouse), sued Kimberly and Howard
Rosenberg (the Rosenbergs), and Martha Laux (Laux) (collectively,
Defendants). The Rosenbergs’ son murdered Rouse’s son and hid his body in
a park where it remained undiscovered for over two months. During that
time, the Rosenbergs came into possession of the handgun that their son used
to commit the murder. Rather than take it to the police, the Rosenbergs took
it to their marriage counselor, Laux. She then took the handgun to the police
but lied about how she found it. Based on all this, Rouse alleged that
Defendants delayed the proper disposition of her son’s body. Defendants
countered that they could not be held liable for interference with a dead body
because there was no allegation that they ever touched or controlled her son’s
body, let alone even knew its location. Agreeing with Defendants, the Court
of Common Pleas of Allegheny County (trial court) dismissed Rouse’s action
on preliminary objections.
On appeal, Rouse argues that she pleaded sufficient facts to withstand
demurrer because (1) this case is analogous to Papieves, and (2) she was
not required to show that Defendants ever physically touched or hid her son’s
body. After review, we affirm.
I.
As discussed, this case arises from the tragic murder of Rouse’s son,
Christian Moore-Rouse (Christian), who was killed by the Rosenbergs’ son,
Adam Rosenberg (Adam). As alleged in Rouse’s complaint, the facts of which
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we take as true,1 Christian and Adam attended community college together
and became friends. The Rosenbergs knew that their son was friends with
Christian because he would often visit Adam at their home, which is where he
lived. In fact, Kimberly Rosenberg would sometimes drive her son to
Christian’s home or let him use the Rosenbergs’ credit card to pay for rides
for Christian to come to the house.
In the spring of 2019, Adam began showing signs of severe mental
illness, eventually escalating into violence. Because of his behavior, the
Rosenbergs had Adam involuntarily committed five times by the end of the
summer. Then, in October 2019, he overdosed on heroin and was in a coma
for a week, then inpatient treatment for three weeks. After Adam returned
home to live with his parents, Christian was the only person who would come
visit him, as Kimberly Rosenberg would also still drive Adam to visit Christian.
On December 21, 2019, Adam invited Christian to his parents’ home
and paid for his ride. After Christian arrived, Adam shot him in the back of
the head with a .9 mm handgun. Adam then dragged Christian’s body across
the roadway in front of his parents’ house and left it in a wooded public park.
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1 Since we are reviewing rulings on preliminary objections in the nature of
demurrers, we take as true all material facts pled in the complaint, and any
reasonable inferences deduced therefrom. See Commonwealth v.
Chesapeake Energy Corp., 247 A.3d 934, 936 n.1 (Pa. 2021) (citation
omitted).
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A few days later, Christian’s family reported him missing. Within two weeks,
homicide detectives were assigned to investigate his disappearance.
In the weeks after the murder, the Rosenbergs somehow came into
possession of the handgun that Adam used to kill Christian. As alleged by
Rouse, either (1) Adam told his parents what he had done and gave them the
handgun, or (2) the Rosenbergs found the handgun in their residence and
knew that it was likely evidence of a crime committed by their son.
In any event, after obtaining the handgun, the Rosenbergs took it to
Laux and transferred possession of it over to her to prevent or delay Adam’s
arrest. According to Rouse, the Rosenbergs told Laux about their son’s severe
mental illness and drug problems, as well as their knowledge or belief that
Adam was involved in Christian’s disappearance. After being told this, on
January 20, 2020, Laux took the handgun to the police. When asked how she
came into possession of the handgun, Laux lied and told the police that she
had found it while walking her dog in a park. Sadly, it would be over a month
until Christian’s body was found on March 3, 2020.
On December 14, 2021, Rouse sued Defendants,2 alleging that their
actions delayed the police investigation and eventual discovery of her son’s
body. As a result, Rouse averred, she was prevented from making proper
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2Rouse also sued a company that she believed was Laux’s employer but later
dropped them from the suit.
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disposition of her son’s body and suffered severe emotional distress.
Defendants filed preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer, construing
Rouse’s complaint as attempting to raise claims of intentional and negligent
infliction of emotional distress. Rouse responded by clarifying that she was
seeking recovery for the tort of negligent interference with dead bodies under
§ 868 of the Second Restatement of Torts. However, because no Pennsylvania
court has recognized that cause of action, she argued in the alternative that
her cause of action was for wanton or intentional interference with dead bodies
under Papieves, which, as noted, adopted the definition of the tort under
§ 868 of the First Restatement of Torts:
A person who wantonly mistreats the body of a dead person or
who without privilege intentionally removes, withholds or operates
upon the dead body is liable to the member of the family of such
person who is entitled to the disposition of the body.
RESTATEMENT (FIRST) OF TORTS, § 868 (1939).
In Papieves, the defendant struck a 14-year-old boy with his car and,
rather than getting medical help, hid the boy's body in his garage for a few
days before enlisting a friend to help bury the body in a nearby field. After
the body was found, the boy’s parents brought a claim against the defendant
and his friend seeking to recover for the “mental anguish, emotional
disturbance, embarrassment, and humiliation” they had suffered. On appeal
from dismissal of the action, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court reversed,
concluding that “recovery may be had for serious mental or emotional distress
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directly caused by the intentional and wanton acts of mishandling a decedent’s
body.” Papieves, 263 A.3d at 121.
As construed by Rouse, Papieves held that a family member can
recover for emotional distress where a killer intentionally hides the victim’s
body and others assist, thus preventing proper disposition. Like the parents
in Papieves, Rouse asserted, she was suing the persons who acted as
accessories after the fact in withholding the location of her son’s body.
In response to Rouse’s clarification, Defendants noted that Pennsylvania
courts have declined to adopt § 868 of the Second Restatement of Torts. As
for intentional interference under Papieves, Defendants asserted that § 868
of the First Restatement of Torts, by its plain language, requires that a person
wantonly mistreat or intentionally remove, withhold or operate a dead body.
Thus, Defendants argued, a person could not be liable unless that person had
some kind of physical contact or control over the decedent’s body, which
Rouse was not alleging.
The trial court agreed and sustained the preliminary objections with
leave for Rouse to amend her complaint. After she declined to do so,
Defendants moved to dismiss for failure to file an amended complaint. On
July 11, 2022, the trial court dismissed the complaint with prejudice. Rouse
timely appealed and now raises these two issues:
1. Did the lower court err as a matter of law by sustaining
preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer to a Complaint
in Civil Action averring facts that support a cognizable claim under
the Restatement (First) of Torts, Section 868, Interference with
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Dead Bodies, which establishes the principle of liability for
emotional distress damages caused to the member of the family
of a deceased person who is entitled to the disposition of the body
against any person who, without privilege, intentionally or
wantonly withholds the dead body?
2. Did the lower court err as a matter of law by sustaining
preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer to a Complaint
in Civil Action averring facts that support a cognizable claim under
the Restatement (Second) of Torts, Section 868, Interference with
Dead Bodies, which establishes the principle of liability for
emotional distress damages to a member of the family of a
deceased person who is entitled to the disposition of the body
against any person who intentionally, recklessly or negligently
withholds the body of the dead person or prevents its proper
interment or cremation?
Rouse’s Brief at 3.3
II.
As noted in our introduction, Rouse makes two arguments for why her
claim of interference with a dead body should have withstood demurrer. First,
she contends that the facts here are “on all fours” with those in Papieves.
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3 As noted, the law governing preliminary objections is well-settled:
Preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer should be
granted where the contested pleading is legally insufficient.
Preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer require the
court to resolve the issues solely on the basis of the pleadings; no
testimony or other evidence outside of the complaint may be
considered to dispose of the legal issues presented by the
demurrer. All material facts set forth in the pleading and all
inferences reasonably deducible therefrom must be admitted as
true.
Caltagirone v. Cephalon, Inc., 190 A.3d 596, 599 (Pa. Super. 2018)
(citations omitted). Our standard of review is de novo.
Id.
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Second, she asserts that there is no “hands on” requirement for interference
with a dead body, that is, a person does not need to physically touch the
decedent’s body to be liable for the tort. For support of this contention, she
cites our opinion in Weiley v. Albert Einstein Med. Ctr., 51 A.3d 202 (Pa.
Super. 2012). After review, we find neither Papieves nor Weiley supports
the novel claim that she is attempting to raise.
A.
In Papieves, the Supreme Court gave the following summary of the
underlying facts:
… Richard Papieves, the fourteen year old son of Joseph V. and
Margaret Papieves (plaintiffs-appellants herein), disappeared
from his home on June 11, 1965. It was subsequently discovered
that on that day Papieves by had been struck by a motor vehicle
operated by a minor, one Owen Norman Lawrence (defendant
herein). Whether Papieves was killed or seriously injured in the
collision is not of record. Without attempting to obtain medical
assistance and without notifying either the [] or the boy's parents,
Lawrence removed Papieve’s body from the scene of the accident,
took it to his home, and hid it in his garage. Some few days later,
Lawrence contacted one Joseph J. Kelly, also a minor, and
requested his assistance in disposing of the body of Papieves.
Defendant Lawrence and Kelly thereupon took Papieves’ body to
a field near Darby Creek Road in Marple Township, Delaware
County, where they dug a grave and interred the decedent. More
than two months later, the partially decomposed body of young
Papieves was found, and his remains were returned to his parents.
Thereafter, plaintiffs commenced this suit by filing and having
served a complaint in trespass against Lawrence and Kelly,
alleging that defendants’ acts constituted an invasion of, and an
unlawful interference with, plaintiffs’ right to the possession of the
decedent’s body; that such acts constituted an unlawful and
indecent disposal of decedent’s body without the authority or
consent of the plaintiffs; and that defendants had so acted with
the intent to prevent the plaintiffs from discovering the fate of
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their son. Plaintiffs averred that as the result of the aforesaid acts
they had suffered mental anguish, emotional disturbance,
embarrassment, and humiliation; they sought damages in excess
of $10,000 against both defendants.
Defendant Kelly filed preliminary objections in the nature of a
demurrer and a motion for more specific pleadings. [The trial]
court sustained Kelly’s demurrer and dismissed the complaint.
This appeal followed.
Papieves, supra at 119.
On appeal, while noting that no Pennsylvania court had yet allowed
recover for emotional distress “resulting from the mishandling of the body of
a deceased relative,” the Court observed that other jurisdictions have
“recognized claims for mental suffering caused by the defendant’s wanton or
intentional mishandling of the body of the decedent,” including “the unlawful
interment or disinterment of a body, intentional interference with a burial, the
wanton mutilation or unauthorized embalming of a corpse, and other
intentional, reckless or wanton acts likely to cause severe emotional distress.”
Id. at 120 (collecting cases). While some of these jurisdictions emphasized
the next-of-kin’s property rights in the decedent’s body, the Court found that
“the real[]issue is the right of a decedent’s nearest relatives to protection
against intentional, outrageous or wanton conduct which is peculiarly
calculated to cause them serious mental or emotional distress.” Id. at 121.
While thus recognizing that “any extension of legal liability to acts which
cause emotional distress is not without its problems,” the Papieves Court
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concluded that the parents of the deceased boy could continue with their cause
of action.
…There can be little doubt that mental or emotional disorders
brought on by conduct such as that set forth in the complaint at
bar may be every bit as real, every bit as debilitating as ailments
which have more obviously physical causes. For this reason, the
obvious and inherent difficulties of the proof, or disproof, of
emotional distress and the measurement of damages for such
injury are not adequate cause, standing alone, to deny recovery.
We conclude that recovery may be had for serious mental
or emotional distress directly caused by the intentional and
wanton acts of mishandling a decedent’s body which are
here alleged.
Id. at 121 (emphasis added).
First, as a factual matter, we cannot agree with Rouse that, like the
parents in Papieves, she is also suing “the persons who acted as accessories
after the fact in order to continue the body’s withholding for a period of over
two months.” Rouse’s Brief at 15. Under this argument, Rouse analogizes
Defendants with the defendant Kelly in Papieves who had nothing to do with
decedent’s death but helped hide his body by digging a grave and burying the
decedent. Here, in contrast, there is no allegation that Defendants helped
Adam hide Christian’s body in the wooded public park near the Rosenbergs’
residence. In fact, there is no allegation that Defendants ever even learned
the location of Christian’s body. Thus, we find Rouse’s attempt to analogize
this case to Papieves unavailing.
Rouse also argues that Papieves “establishes that where a killer hides
his victim’s body and others subsequently assist in the ongoing concealment,
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that interference with a dead body causing emotional distress to the family
member entitled to disposition of the body is a viable § 868 cause of action
against not only the original perpetrator, but also against his after the fact
accessories.” Id.4
There are two things wrong with this argument—one factual and one
legal. Factually, even if we accepted Rouse’s interpretation of Papieves—
which we do not—her complaint does not allege that Defendants assisted in
the ongoing concealment of the missing victim’s body. Again, there are no
allegations that Defendants helped hide, move or cover up Christian’s body.
At most, Rouse’s complaint alleges that the Rosenbergs somehow came into
possession of the murder weapon and either knew or suspected that Adam
was responsible for Christian’s disappearance, and that they used their
marriage counselor to turn the murder weapon into the police under a false
explanation. While these facts might not paint Defendants in a positive light,
those facts also do not show that they did anything to conceal the location of
a murder victim’s body or thwart the police from discovering it, let alone even
know where it was located.
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4 “Accessory” is defined as “[s]omeone who aids or contributes in the
commission or concealment of a crime,” while the sub-definition “accessory
after the fact” is defined as “[a]n accessory who was not at the scene of the
crime but knows that a crime has been committed and who helps the offender
try to escape arrest or punishment.” ACCESSORY, Black’s Law Dictionary
(11th ed. 2019).
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That brings us to the second problem with Rouse’s argument on
Papieves: § 868 of the First Restatement of Torts, by its plain language,
does not apply to Defendants’ alleged conduct. As noted, § 868 allows
recovery against a person who “wantonly mistreats” the decedent’s body or,
without privilege, “intentionally removes, withholds or operates upon” the
dead body. Accordingly, as we recognized in Weiley,
[a] plain reading of section 868 reveals that a party can plead that
the defendant acted with a wanton state of mind in the
mistreatment of a body, as per the first portion of section 868, or
that the defendant acted intentionally, without privilege, to
remove, withhold or operate on the dead body, as per the
second portion of section 868, or that the defendant acted with
both states of mind.
Weiley, supra at 209 (footnote omitted) (emphasis added).
Our focus here is on the second portion, since Rouse’s theory of her
cause of action under § 868 is that the Defendants acted to intentionally
“withhold” her son’s dead body. First, for a person to “withhold” something—
in this case, a dead body—would require that the person have possession,
control, authority or, at the very least, know about the dead body’s existence
or location. Indeed, the verb “withhold” is defined as: “to hold back from
action,” “to keep in custody,” or “to refrain from granting, giving, or allowing.”
Merriam-Webster’ Collegiate Dictionary 1439 (11th ed. 2014). Applying these
definitions to this case, Defendants could not hold back, keep in custody or
refrain from granting or giving Christian’s body because there is no allegation
that they possessed it or controlled it.
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We also note that under the second portion of § 868, “withhold” is
grouped with “remove” and “operate” as the forms of proscribed intentional
conduct. Reading these terms together as we would any statute,5 we ascribe
a meaning to “withhold” a dead body as we would ascribe to “remove” or
“operate on” a dead body. For a defendant to “remove” a dead body, that
____________________________________________
5 “The ancient maxim ‘noscitur a sociis’ summarizes the rule that the meaning
of words may be indicated or controlled by those words with which they are
associated. Words are known by the company they keep.” Northway Vill.
No. 3, Inc. v. Northway Properties, Inc., 244 A.2d 47, 50 (Pa. 1968). The
principle of noscitur a sociis is applied to “avoid ascribing to one word a
meaning so broad that it is inconsistent with its accompanying words, thus
giving unintended breadth to the Acts of the [General Assembly].” Gustafson
v. Alloyd Co.,
513 U.S. 561, 575 (1995) (citations and quotations omitted).
Pursuant to this rule, “the meaning of a doubtful word may be ascertained by
reference to the meaning of words associated with it.” Ford Motor Co. v.
Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review,
79 A.2d 121, 123 (Pa. Super. 1951)
(footnote omitted).
A related concept is that of ejusdem generis. “Under ... [the] doctrine
ejusdem generis (‘of the same kind or class’), where general words follow the
enumeration of particular classes of persons or things, the general words will
be construed as applicable only to persons or things of the same general
nature or class as those enumerated.” McClellan v. Health Maint. Org. of
Pa.,
686 A.2d 801, 806 (Pa. 1996) (citations omitted). Stated in somewhat
repetitive yet different language, the rule of ejusdem generis instructs that
“where general words follow an enumeration of ... words of a particular and
specific meaning, such general words are not to be construed in their widest
extent, but are to be held as applying only to ... the same general kind or
class as those specifically mentioned.” Steele v. Statesman Ins. Co.,
607
A.2d 742, 743 (Pa. 1992) (citations omitted). This maxim is codified
conceptually in Section 1903(b) of the Statutory Construction Act, which
provides, “General words shall be construed to take their meanings and be
restricted by preceding particular words.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(b). See
generally S.A. by H.O. v. Pittsburgh Pub. Sch. Dist.,
160 A.3d 940, 945–
46 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017).
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defendant would need to physically touch it or, at the very least, have some
kind of custody or authority over the dead body. The same holds true if a
defendant were to “operate on” a dead body, as the defendant would need to
physically touch the dead body in some fashion. Consistent with these words,
we read “withhold” in § 868 as requiring that the person possess, control or
have some kind of dealing with the body in the same way they would need to
have if the person were to “remove” or “operate on” a dead body.
That this is the proper reading of § 868 is supported by the comment
that the drafters of the First Restatement of Torts provided in 1939.
a. A member of the family [citation] of a deceased person who is
entitled to the disposition of the body has an action of tort against
one who wantonly maltreats or improperly deals with the body
of such person. This right exists although there has been no harm
except such harm to the feelings as is inseparable from the
knowledge of the defendant’s conduct. The right to maintain an
action for intentional interference with the body exists although
there was no intent to do a tortious act, as where a body is
misdelivered by the railroad or where a surgeon performs an
autopsy mistakenly believing that he is privileged to do so. …
b. The cause of action is primarily for mental suffering caused by
the improper dealing with the body. …
RESTATEMENT (FIRST) OF TORTS, § 868 cmt. a-b (emphasis added).
In Papieves, likewise, our Supreme Court used the same language in
recognizing the tort. Indeed, in adopting § 868 to allow recovery under the
facts of the case, the Papieves Court clarified that “recovery may be had for
serious mental or emotional distress directly caused by the intentional and
wanton acts of mishandling a decedent’s body.” Papieves, 263 A.2d at
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121 (emphasis added). On this point, we note that Rouse has not pointed us
to any cases after Papieves interpreting its holding in the way she proposes,
namely, that § 868 creates a cause of action for a family member of a missing
person against any person who acts as an accessory after the fact in some
fashion, regardless of whether that person took any action concerning the
missing person’s body.
Thus, to recap, we read neither § 868 nor Papieves as allowing for
recovery in the circumstances involved here where a murder victim is missing
and the defendant allegedly acts as an accessory after the fact in some
manner, regardless of whether the defendant knew the dead body’s location.
Again, the focus of § 868, as adopted in Papieves, is on the mishandling of
the dead body that causes the family member’s emotional distress. Unless
there is an allegation that the defendant “wantonly mistreats” the dead body
or intentionally removes, withholds or operates on it, then there can be no
liability under § 868 or Papieves.
B.
Next, Rouse argues that there is no “hands on” requirement under
§ 868, that is, she was not required to plead that Defendants physically
touched or moved Christian’s body. As noted, for support, she cites this
Court’s decision Weiley for the proposition that there is no such requirement
for recovery under § 868 or Papieves. After review, however, we find that
Weiley does not support her argument.
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In Weiley, without the consent of the plaintiff son, the defendant
hospital sent the deceased body of the plaintiff’s father, via a funeral home,
to a medical school for holding. After several days of contacting the school to
find his father’s body, the son went to the medical school to retrieve his
father’s body for cremation and discovered that post-mortem procedures had
been performed on his father’s body. As result, the son sued the hospital for,
among other causes of action, tortious interference with a dead body.
On appeal from dismissal of the cause of action, this Court reversed the
trial court’s holding that the plaintiff son failed to state a cause of action
against the hospital because he failed to allege that the hospital, in
transferring his father’s body for medical dissection, specifically intended to
cause him to have serious mental distress. See Weiley, supra at 210.
Turning to what level of intent was required under Papieves, we concluded
that the Papieves Court applied a definition of “intent” that matched that
given in the Second Restatement of Torts.
References in Papieves to conduct that is “likely to cause” or has
a high probability of causing serious mental distress comports with
the definition of “intent” found in the Restatement (Second) of
Torts: “The word ‘intent’ is used throughout the Restatement of
this Subject to denote that the actor desires to cause
consequences of his act, or that he believes that the consequences
are substantially certain to result from it.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND)
OF TORTS § 8A (1965). In Burr v. Adam Eidemiller, Inc., 386
Pa. 416,
126 A.2d 403, 407 (1956), our Supreme Court applied
this definition of intent to conclude that the defendant tortfeasor
intentionally polluted the plaintiff’s land because it knew its
operations were the cause of the pollution, yet continued its
operations unabated despite this knowledge. This is the same
definition applied in Papieves. Thus, we conclude that this
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definition of intent, for the purpose of the second portion of section
868, is met by showing either a desire to cause mental distress or
a belief or knowledge that one’s conduct is substantially certain to
cause the plaintiff mental distress, as where “the actor knows that
the consequences are certain, or substantially certain, to result
from his act, and still goes ahead” with the conduct anyway.
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 8A cmt. b.
Weiley, supra at 211.
Applying the correct definition of intent to the cause of action against
the hospital, we found that plaintiff son pleaded sufficient facts to establish
that the defendant hospital intentionally interfered with his father’s dead body.
In so concluding, we have the following summary for why his claim withstood
demurrer:
… Weiley was the family member entitled to disposition of the
body. This privilege or authority was not transferred to Hospital.
Hospital knew that Weiley did not want organ donation or
dissection. Yet, without trying to contact Weiley or otherwise
obtain consent, it transferred and/or donated the body to School
despite this knowledge. School accepted the body as an
anatomical donation whereupon it was dissected. Hospital’s
unauthorized conduct caused this result, and, given Hospital’s
knowledge of Weiley’s contrary wishes and Weiley’s distraught
feelings and involvement as expressed throughout the time of his
father’s treatment, a factfinder could conclude that Hospital was
substantially certain that Weiley would suffer serious emotional
distress, sufficient for the “intentional” portion of section 868.
Id. at 213.6
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6 We also concluded that the plaintiff son pleaded sufficient facts under a
“wanton mistreatment” theory of the cause of action. See Weiley,
supra at
213-14.
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Rouse reads Weiley as establishing that there is no “hands on”
requirement for a claim of interference with a dead body under § 868 because,
in Weiley, the defendant hospital that transported the father’s body to the
medical school for dissection “never touched the body.” Rouse’s Brief at 19.
However, as our review shows, the main issue in Weiley was what definition
of “intent” should apply to § 868 under Papieves. Whether § 868 requires
that the defendant physically touch or control the decedent’s dead body was
not an issue in the case; instead, the issue was whether the defendant hospital
acted with sufficient intent. In any event, even if we accepted Rouse’s
strained reading of Weiley, her argument would still not work because the
defendant hospital had possession of and controlled the decedent’s body
unlike the Defendants here, who are not alleged to have even known the
location of Christian’s body. Thus, we find Rouse’s reliance on Weiley
misplaced. Accordingly, for all these reasons, we conclude that Rouse failed
to plead sufficient facts for a cause of action for interference with a dead body
under Papieves and § 868 of the First Restatement of Torts.
III.
In her second issue, Rouse requests that we expand the tort of
interference with dead bodies to include negligent conduct under § 868 of the
Second Restatement of Torts.7 She also recognizes, however, that in Hackett
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7 Under § 868 of the Second Restatement of Torts:
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v. United Airlines, 528 A.2d 971 (Pa. Super. 1987), this Court was faced
with the same request and declined to adopt § 868 under the Second
Restatement of Torts. As we explained in Weiley:
In Hackett, the plaintiff asserted a negligence claim to recover
for emotional damages caused by the defendant’s careless
preparation of the plaintiff’s mother’s body and its mishandling of
the casket during shipment from Pennsylvania to California, which
resulted in damage to both the casket and the body. Hackett,
528 A.2d at 972. The Court recognized that the Restatement
(Second) of Torts contained a revised and expanded section 868
to include negligent conduct. Id. at 973. However, the Hackett
court stated that our Supreme Court had not considered or
adopted the revised Restatement provision and concluded that
“any extension of the Papieves rule of recovery to include actions
for negligent infliction of emotional distress must come from the
Supreme Court itself, through express adoption of the 1977
Restatement (Second) revision of Section 868.” Id. at 974.10.
Pennsylvania has not yet adopted the revised version of section
868 to include negligent interference with a body, and we are
currently restricted to the Papieves Court’s limitation of this tort
to wanton or intentional conduct in accordance with the First
Restatement of Torts section 868.
Weiley, supra at 214.
Because we are bound by our existing precedent, we will not expand the
tort of interference with dead bodies to include the definition under the Second
____________________________________________
One who intentionally, recklessly or negligently removes,
withholds, mutilates or operates upon the body of a dead person
or prevents its proper interment or cremation is subject to liability
to a member of the family of the deceased who is entitled to the
disposition of the body.
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 868 (1977).
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J-A08034-23
Restatement of Torts. If Rouse seeks such an expansion, it will need to come
from our Supreme Court.
Order affirmed.
Judge Stabile joins the opinion.
Judge Sullivan concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/15/2023
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