Webster v. State’s Empirical Analysis
1984
Citation profile
82 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 84 later decisions — most recently December 2019 · most notably Lodowski v. State (1986), Evans v. State (1985)
82 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Anders v. California · Wong Sun v. United States · Gideon v. Wainwright · United States v. Wade · Simmons v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 84 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(i) the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (ii) the witness’ degree of attention; (iii) the accuracy of the witness’ prior description of the criminal; (iv) the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation; [and] (v) the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“"(1) Suggestive, but permissibly so. See Stovall [v. Denno], 388 U.S. 293 [, 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967)]. (2) Impermissibly (unnecessarily) suggestive. See [Neil v.] Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 [, 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972)]. (3) So impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of misidentification. Id. at 198 [, 93 S.Ct. at 381, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ], (4) So impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of imparable misidentification. See Stovall, 388 U.S. at 301-302 , 87 S.Ct. at 1972 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 . Simmons [v. United States], 390 U.S. [377,] 384, 88 S.Ct. [967,] 971, [ 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968)]. Biggers, 409 U.S. at 198 , 93 S.Ct. at 381 [ 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ].””
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[t]he opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness’ prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.