majority">GOLDTHWAITE, J.

This case is ¡not without difficulty, and the question which itpresents, is one upon which there is ■some conflict of authority. It is without -doubt, .the general rule,.that-when parties have entered into a written contract, its -terms-cannot be controlled, ¡varied or contradicted by parol evidence.; yet there are many and unquestionable -exceptions to this rule. The most familiar class is negotiable securities, which are almost always construed with-reference to the.customs prevailing in,particular places. Most-of the American cases on .this subject, have been collated in the .notes to Phillips’s Evidence, by Cowen A Hill, 3 vol. 1411, but when they are all examined, it-must,bo- conceded that the multiplicity of-decision, renders it exceedingly difficult to ascertain any fixed and specific rules by -which the admission of such-evidence is to be controlled. , •

In the case of the schooner R-eeside,"-2‘ Sumner, 56-7,-the attempt was made to show.the eixistanca of a-custom,'that .packet vessels engaged in trade between ;New-York and Boston, were not liable to pay for any-dam(ag@v-except what should be occasioned by neglect. . Judge Story-'Sustained an exception to ¡the p.roo.f of such a custom, as 'directly at variance with the *592contract-evidenced by the bill of lading. After admitting that* he is unfriendly to the almost indiscriminate habit, of late years, of setting up particular usages or customs in almost all kinds of business and trade, to control, vary or annul the general liabilities of parties under the common law, he says, the true and appropriate office of a usage or custom is, to interpret the otherwise indeterminate intentions of parties, and to ascertain the-nature and extent of their contracts, arising not from express stipulations, but from mere implications and presumptions, and acts of a donbtful or equivocal character. It may also- be admitted to ascertain the true meaning of a particular word, or of particular words, in a given instrument, when the word or words have various senses, some common, some qualified, and some technical, according to the subject matter to which they are applied.. But he denies that it can ever be proper to resort to any usage or custom to control or vary the positive stipulations in a written contract, and a fortiori, never in order to contradict them.

However true this may be in the main, it is certain, that with us, as well as in England, the doctrine- of annexing customary incidents to contracts of particular descriptions; has long prevailed', and has been applied, not only to them, but to many other transactions of life in which known usages have been established. And it has been said these cases go upon the presumption that the parties do not mean to express in writing the whole- of the contract by which they intended to be bound, but to make a contract with reference to those known usages. Parke Baron in Hatter v. Warren, 1 M. & W. 486.

In the present case, the effect of the custom offered' in evidence, was not to contradict, vary or control that evidenced br the bill of lading, but rather to show that on the occurrence of an event contemplated by neither party, when the contract was made, that certain incidents attached to it from a particular usage. The dangers of the river were excepted against, and if the low stage of the water prevented the passage of the particular class of boats employed, through the shoals, the consequence to the shipper would most usually be disastrous, and yet, if this matter was of unfrequent occurrence-, it would probably never form the subject of an express stipulation.

It would be unreasonable to conclude in-such- a course of Su-*593siness, that the owner of the boat should- perform that which his contract did not require him to- do; and if suoh a custom-exists as was offered in evidence, it most probably has grown up from the obvious benefit that it is to the shipper to- get his cotton to market before the close of the season.

It may be remarked as- applicable, and perhaps peculiar to this contract, that the boat owner, by its terms, would have-been justified, in the absence of such a custom, as was offered-to be proved, in not attemping to pass the shoals until enabled to-do so 'with- safety by a- rise of water, and that in- such -a ease, the injury would be great to the shipper; it is not unreasonable then to infer that this was-not contemplated by the parties when the-contract was- made, and if not, certainly it cannot be said the usage controls or contradicts that which the parties have agreed upon. The contract contemplates ordinary dilligence to make the voyage; the usage applies only when circumstances call for extraordinary exertions not required by the contract.

We cannot doubt that such a usage, if made out by competent evidence, is proper, and that it only annexes an incident to the contract, equally beneficial to the shipper,.and obligatory upon him.

The judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded-

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