majority">Dorsey, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

The direction given to the jury by the court below, was “ that if the defendant entered on the premises, for the purpose of removing the grain in the straw and thrashing it off the premises, and did so remove and thrash it, and did not return the straw to the premises, whereby it was lost to the plaintiff, that then the plaintiff was entitled to recover for the trespass charged in the declaration.” In this instruction, we can discover nothing of which the appellant ought to complain. It concedes to him more than he had any right to demand; and denies to him nothing on which he had a right to insist. Tis true that, under the contract be*121tween Henry Funk and Daniel Witmer, he was authorised to enter on the land for the purpose of cutting and securing the grain, thrashing it in the barn, and removing it away, but for no other purpose. The moment he entered, in the language of the court, “for the purpose of removing the grain in the straw, and thrashing it off the premises,” his right of ingress and egress no longer protected him, and he stood in no better predicament than any other trespasser. Upon this ground the court were also right in refusing the first part of the instruction prayed for by the appellant; to wit: “ that as the defendant had a right of ingress and egress to cut the grain, and get it out, and remove it, that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover in this action, on account of his removing the grain with the straw before it was thrashed.” In granting this, they would have trenched upon the province of the jury in determining, quo animo, the defendant entered. If his entry was made for the purpose of getting out and removing the grain conform-ably to the agreement between Funk and Witmer, although after he entered he may have changed his mind and committed the outrage Complained of, an action of trespass quare clausum fregit could not be maintained against him. It is the intention of the defendant which stamps the character of his entry, and this the jury, only, are competent to find. In granting this branch of the instruction too, we think that the County Court would have erred on another ground. Admitting the acts of the defendant as far as the land was concerned to be lawful, yet according to our construction of the articles of agreement between Funk and Witmer, the latter had such a property in the straw, as rendered him competent to maintain an action of trespass vi et armis, for such a taking and carrying away of the same, as is presented by the facts set forth in the bill of exceptions. The true intent and meaning of the agreement was, that the grain should be the property of Funk, the straw of Witmer: and their respective possessions were co-extensive with their rights. Witmer’s right to the straw was absolute, *122his possession unqualified, but as it might be lawfully invaded by Funk, or those claiming under him, with a view to its being thrashed in the barn on the premises. For this purpose, and no other, had they a right to touch or remove it. Suppose Witmer, owning both grain and straw, had sold the grain to one person, and the straw to another, (subject to the same restrictions as to thrashing out, as are prescribed in this case,) and a stranger were to seize and carry away both, can it be doubted, that against such wrong doer, each owner might maintain a separate action of trespass vi et armis % In the case at bar the principle is the same.

The second branch of the defendant’s prayer, “ that if the court should be of opinion, that the plaintiff is entitled to recover for the trespass, he is not entitled to recover for the straw removed before it was thrashed,” is put to rest, by the interpretation we have given to the contract between Funk and Witmer. As whatever may be the law, as to a plaintiff’s right to recover substantive damages for acts of the defendant not amounting to a trespass vi et armis, but which may be the foundation of a separate action on the case, when charged in the declaration in trespass quare clausum fregit, as a component part of the outrage complained of, there cannot be a doubt, that if such acts do amount to a trespass vi et armis, they may be united with the action of trespass quare clausum fregit, and the same damages be recovered therefor, as if a separate action had been brought. And the plaintiff is entitled to a full indemnity for both or either of the trespasses accordingly, as his case may be sustained by proof. 3, Stark. Ev. 1451, 2 and 3, and the cases there referred to. 5 B. and A. 220.

Seeing no error in the proceedings of the County Court, to which the appellant has any right to except, we affirm their- judgment.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.

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