GUY V.
CITIZENS' MUT. INS.
CO.
695
GUY aildothers v. CITIZENS' MUT. INS. Co. (Di8f!Hct (Jouri, 8. D. Alabama.
February 23,1887.)
MAroNE INSVRANCE-Loss-SEAWORTHINE88-PLEADING.
In an action on a marine policy, unseaworthiness is a matter of defense, and must be pleaded and proved by the insurer. The presumption is in favor of seaworthiness, and the libelant, suing to recover a losa sustained by a peril of the sea covered by his policy, need not allege in his pleading that the implied warranty of seaworthiness was cOIDvlied with.
lnAdmiralty. Suit on policy of marine insurance. sufficiently stated in the opinion. R. H. Olarke, for Guy, Bevan & Co. J. L. &: G. L. Smith" for the insurance company.
The facts are
TOUI.MIN, J. By the law of marine insurance there is an implied warranty in every insurance of a ship, and in every voyage policy, that the vessel shall be seaworthy; by which is meant that she shall be in a fit state as to repairs, equipment, and crew. and in all other respects, to perform the voyage insured, and to encounter the ordinary perils, at the timen! sailing upon it; and, if she is not seaworthy for the voyage, there is a breach of the implied warranty. 1 Pritch. Adm. Dig. p. 987, § 1242; ld. p. 988, § 1249. It is held that br.eaches of warranty are matters of defense, and must be pleaded by the insurer. I have found no case exactly like the one we are considering, but I find cases that I think are analogous, and are controlled by the same principles. For instance, in an action on a life policy, a condition of which was that the person whose life was insured had not been affiicted with certain specified disorders or any other complaint, the company pleaded that the assured had, at the time of the issue of the policy. symptoms of disease of the stomach. Here was an express warranty that the person whose life was insured was notaffiicted with any complaint. The company claimed he was afflicted, and that there had been a breach of such warranty, and this was pleaded in defense. So in an action to recover the amount of a life policy, where the stipulations were that the insured should be of sober and temperate habits. Here again 'Was an express warranty. The company pleaded, as a matter of defense, denying the sober and temperate habits of the insured. Now, these were cases of express warranty. Why should a different rule obtain in a case of implied warranty? I am of opinion that it does not. Here the assured sues to recover on a marine policy of insurance on a cargo of lumber. He declares that the defendant issued a policy to him covering all risks and perils of the sea to such cargo, on a voyage from one given port to another; that such insurance took effect 'or attachl"i; and that said cargo was lost by a peril of the sea on the voyage named. This makes out a prima facie case, and entitles the assured to recover. But the insurer says, in answer to the case made:
696
FEDERAL REPORTER.
"It is true such policy was issued, and tbat tbe cargo bas been lost by tbe perils of tbe sea; but it would not have been lost if the vessel had been seaworthy. There was an implied warranty tbat the vessel was seaworthy, and it was not so. There has been a breach of such warranty, and you are therefore not entitled to recover." The ship is prima facie to be deemed seaworthy. 1 Pritch. Adm. Dig. p.994, § 1311. Her unseaworthiness is a matter of defense, and it devolves upon the insurer to plead it, and the onus is on him to prove it. Id. p. 994, § 1308; ld. p. 995, § 1313. The law presumes the ship to be seaworthy, and libelant need not in his pleading allege any matter of fact which the law presumes in his favor, or as to which the burden of proof lies on the other side. 2 Pritch. Adm. Dig. po 1591, § 1213. It has been held by the supreme court of Alabama that, in an action on a policy of marine insurance, a complaint which fully complies with all the requisites of the prescribed form in the Code is sufficient. This form does not contain an allegation of the seaworthiness of the vessel, and, if this is sufficient in a suit at common law, what more can be required by the simple .rules of pleading that obtain in courts of admiralty, regard to technical rules of pleading? PhreniJ; Ins. which pay. so Co. v. Moog, 78 Ala. 284; 2 Pritch. Adm. Dig. p.1590, § 1201, and footnote 394. The exceptions are overruled.
THE RoB
Roy.
(Di8fJrict Oourt.
w: D.
Tenn/J88ee. March 26, 1887.)
:M.uuTIME LmNs-SEAMEN'S WAGES-SET-OFF-PAYMENTS IN CHARGES FOR WHISKY AND TOBACCO.
Where a settlement was made with one of the crew, and excessive charges were made for whislty and tobacco furnished at the bar of the boat, held, that a court of admiralty would not sanction the settlement or the charges. but would reduce the set-off to a reasonable allowance for these articles.
In Admiralty. Hu C. Anderson, for libelant. H. C. Warinner, for claimant. HAMMOND, J., (orally.) This man was under the protection of the master, and his wages Cllnnot be paid in chips and whetstones. The master will not be permitted to keep a store or bar, and tempt the crew to indulge in whisky and tobacco, or other like articles, at whatever price, ;andto whatever extent, they may be induced to f'pend their wages with the boator bar. If this were permitted, the owner or master COl:ild very readily absorb the wages, and, by extravagant price·s and abundant sales, compel the crew to work for less than their contract wages. The con-
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