¶1This action was brought to recover damages for fraudulently procuring from the plaintiffs, who were dealers in wool and sheep shins at Rochester, four promissory notes, which the defendants had discounted for their benefit, and upon which they realized the proceeds of such discount. The notes were negotiable and passed from the defendants into the hands of bona fide holders, and the plaintiffs were subsequently obliged to and did pay the same.
¶2The defendants, who were copartners, were carrying on business in Now York and they became and were the correspondents of the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs, in the course of their business, shipped to the defendants the wool and sheep skins, drew drafts on them, and also sent them notes for discount, and through a long course of business, covering numerous transactions, the parties exchanged credit.
¶3Upon the 27th of March, 1875, one of the defendants wrote to the plaintiffs and in the letter stated a summary of the accounts between the parties, as the defendants claimed, and in that letter he said, viz.: “ The notes we have received are all good, only we can’t get money on them alone, and in the meantime we have paid about $30,000 of your notes, which these last were given to renew in part. We have $16,000 worth of notes not used. The actual balance of the account is about $40,000, to which is to be added your notes for $16,000.” Upon the 2d day of April, 1875, another letter was written to the plaintiffs, in which the defendant states, viz.: “ Your notes which have recently run off I might get renewed if you would send me, say four notes having about three months to run, and payable at the Metropolitan National Bank, New York, -x- -x- x- j ¿¡are no£ 0ffer f]ie nofes we have of yours, where the last run off were used, because the place where these notes are payable is at our office, and it would put them on inquiry at once.”
¶4*447. After these letters were received, and relying upon the statements therein contained, the plaintiffs sent to the defendants their four promissory notes. Tlie defendants took these notes, and also procured them to be discounted, and the plaintiffs subsequently paid them. Upon the trial each of the plaintiffs testified that they relied upon the statements quoted from the letters. We think it was entirely competent to prove such reliance upon the statements as true by the plaintiffs. The defendants held relations of confidence towards the plaintiffs, and were by such statements enabled to induce the plaintiffs to act thereon, as the evidence amply warranted the jury in finding. The case of Dambman v. Schulting (75 N. Y., 55), cited by the appellants, contains nothing inconsistent with such doctrine.
¶5The representations before us, the jury were authorized to find, were such as were calculated to and did mislead the plaintiffs. The relations of trust and confidence existing between the two firms were such as might well induce the plaintiffs to rely upon such representations. (Bench v. Sheldon, 14 Barb., 66; Paul v. Hadley, 23 id., 521; Story’s Eq., § 207; 75 N. Y., supra.)
¶6The substantial fact stated in the letters, in effect, was that the notes had not been discounted, and therefore their proceeds applied upon the account, and because of that fact the plaintiffs might as business men yield to the solicitation for further notes, to be used in procuring funds to apply towards reducing their account with the defendants.
¶7Suffice it to say the evidence authorized the jury so to find, as their verdict indicates they did find. Upon the trial there was an offer to show by the defendant Holland that there was not any intent to defraud in sending the letter. But it already appeared that the letters were written by their partner and codefendant Strang, and the evidence was therefore excluded. The fraud, if any was perpetrated by Strang, and it was not a defense in his mouth that the copartners did not intend a fraud, nor was it a defense to them to show that their copartner made the representations in the course of the firm business, withoxxt their action or participation therein. (Bliss v. Matteson, 52 Barb., 345; Hawkins v. Appleby, 2 Sandf., 421.)
¶8In the case of Stitt v. Little (63 N. Y., 435) it was held that a *448knowledge of the falsity of the representation made, or that it was made with intent to deceive, must be shown and found by the jury. But in the case before us it is impossible to conceive that the absence of an actual intent to deceive in the breast of Hollands would be a defense to Strang, or a defense to them.
¶9The Hollands being partners are chargeable with the affirmative acts and declarations of Strang by means of which their firm received the notes, procured them to be discounted, and enjoyed the proceeds thereof. Hence the rulings upon the trial allowing Strang to testify that he had no fraudulent intent in writing the letters was proper, and it was equally proper to exclude the evidence of the Hollands, in respect to their having no such intent. Indeed, the court assumed that they possessed no such actual intent, and were chargeable only upon the principle that -Strang’s acts and declarations were those of their agent, as they were his copartners and participants in the fruits of the alleged fraud. (52 Barb., 345 ; 2 Sandf., 421.)
¶10The defendants were adjudicated bankrupts July 3, 1875, and discharged June 1,1877, and such discharge was set up and insisted upon at the trial. It was overruled by the court, and the defendants Hollands now insist that they were discharged from the claim made herein against them in common with Strang their copartner. It was held (Hennequin v. Clews, 77 N. Y., 427) that the term “ fraud,” as used in the bankrupt act declaring what debts should not be discharged, relates to affirmative,' express fraud, and not to fraud by implication. In Neal v. Clark (95 U. S., 704) it was contrued to mean “positive fraud, or fraud in fact,” involving moral turpitude or intentional wrong. We think it very clear that under the principles of these cases, Strang was not discharged in bankruptcy from the claim made against him in i ais action. (Libbey v. Strasburger, 14 Hun, 120; Talcott v. Harris, 18 id., 567; Argall v. Jacobs, 21 id., 115.)
¶11Though his act is the one which casts a liability upon the Hollands, we think as he being their partner, and as such their agent, that they through him are chargeable with an express, positive fraud, and they in receiving the fruits of his fraudulent act adopted the act which worked a fraud upon the plaintiffs.
¶12The discharges in bankruptcy were unavailing to the defendants, or either of them. The proofs given by the plaintiffs established *449the false representations, by means of wbicb they were induced to pai-t with their notes to the defendants; tbat tbe defendants procured them to be discounted, and received tbe avails thereof, and tbat tbe plaintiffs were obliged to pay and take up tbe notes, and tbe extent of tbe damages sustained by tbe plaintiffs, and we see no exceptions in tbe course of tbe trial wbicb should lead us to disturb tbe verdict. (Section 1003 of Code of Civil Procedure.)
¶13Tbe order and judgment must be affirmed.
¶14Judgment and order affirmed.