¶1The opinion of the court was delivered by
¶2This case comes to us upon a referee’s report.
¶31. It is claimed by the defendant, that the plaintiff is estopped from claiming the horse by his declaration to the defendant, in April, 1855, when he notified the defendant of his claim to the horse, “ that he did not want the horse, and was in hopes McLeran would pay him up.” To give this declaration the force of an estoppel, it should appear that it was made with the intent of leading the defendant to believe that his claim to the horse would not be enforced, and thereby, the defendant has been led to do, or to omit to .do, something in regard to the horse that has been to his injury; Strong v. Ellsworth, 26 Vt. 366.
¶4There is nothing in the facts reported, to lead one to think that the plaintiff intended to have the defendant so believe. On the contrary, it is plain that he intended to have him understand that he had the claim, and might have occasion to enforce it. It was for this purpose that he notified him of his claim. That he did not want the horse, and hoped that McLeran would pay him, was entirely consistent with his insisting on his claim, and was a natural and obvious remark when it appears that his claim was eighty dollars, and the value of the horse but fifty dollars. But it can not fairly be *602considered as expressing an intent to relinquish the fifty dollars of value still left for the security of the eighty dollars.
¶5II. The plaintiff gave McLeran leave “ to trade off the horse, provided the pay or avails were paid, to him, the plaintiff.” The fair meaning of this authority is, that he could not trade off the horse, unless the pay or avails came directly to the plaintiff. If they were suffered to go to, or remain in the hands of McLeran, or of anybody else, then the trade was not to be authorized. It was a provision for the security of the plaintiff. The security might become insecure, might fail, if the money or avails were not paid to him. jUlt was a special and limited authority wdiieh he thus gave McLeran. McLeran was bound to pursue it strictly. It is sufficient, in this connection, to state the principle of the law, that whoever deals with one, having only a special and limited authority, is bound at his peril to know the extent of the authority. If the agent exceeds it, the principal is not bound, and the contract, as to him, is void. ]
¶6In the application of these general principles of the law of agency, great difficulty arises in determining what is the extent of the special authority, and what powers may be deemed necessary for its execution. The cases are numerous; they proceed upon nice distinctions, applicable to the nature of the authority granted, and the circumstances of each case. We can not at this time review^tkem.
¶7We find that in this case, McLeran clearly violated his authority. He sold the horse about the 1st of October, 1854, and the avails, or pay, were not paid or delivered to the plaintiff. It does not appear that the plaintiff knew of the trade till the following January. The horses, for which McLeran exchanged the plaintiff’s horse, did not become the property of the plaintiff. The contract, as to the plaintiff, was void for want of authority. Nor can it be said that the fact found by the referee, “ that the plaintiff did not find fault with McLeran, in regard to his trade with the defendant,” was a ratification of such trade. He does not appear to have known of the trade, till betwéen three and four months after it was made. McLeran, at the time of the trade, lived at Littleton, New Hampshire. It does not appear from the 3 eport, that the plaintiff saw him after the trade was made; and in the absence of such a fact, we can hardly *603be allowed to conjecture that he must- have seen him, and upon such conjecture, raise the presumption of a subsequent ratification. The omission to find fault with him, even if he saw him, may be explained upon grounds, and for reasons, which would not imply any assent to the trade. The report, upon this point, is bare of all those acts and declarations of the party, which are ordinarily to be expected -when the trade is ratified after it has been made.
¶8The report states that the plaintiff knew of the sale from McLeran to the defendant, in January; knew that the defendant was at the depot in Wells River (tire residence of the plaintiff), nearly every day during the winter, and gave the defendant no notice of his lien on the horse, till April. The defendant claims that the plaintiff, by such omission to give notice and make claim, has thereby ratified the sale of McLeran. We think not. It would be reversing the rule of law. It is the duty of one trading with an agent who has only a limited and special authority, to make inquiry as to the extent of the agent’s authority; if he omits inquiry, he does so at his peril. It is not the duty of the principal, upon hearing of the sale by the agent, to seek the purchaser and give him notice of his claim, and his omission to do so, and his mere silence, are not ordinarily to be construed as a .ratification of the sale. If special circumstances may be supposed to exist, which would make it the duty of the principal to give such notice, none such are proved in this case.
¶9It seems to us, therefore, that the county court erred in giving judgment for the defendant, and that the plaintiff was entitled to judgment on the report.
¶10Judgment of the county court reversed, and judgment for the plaintiff on the report, for fifty dollars and interest, and costs.