State v. Irwin’s Empirical Analysis
1981
Citation profile
2 district · 277 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 290 later decisions (6 by the Supreme Court) — most recently April 2018 · most notably Zant v. Stephens (1983), State v. Green (1994)
2 district · 277 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Lockett v. Ohio · Califano v. Yamasaki · State v. Smith · State v. Powell · State v. Barfield
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 290 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(a) Any person who shall unlawfully confine, restrain, or remove from one place to another, any other person 16 years of age or over without the consent of such person . . . shall be guilty of kidnapping if such confinement, restraint or removal is for the purpose of: (2) facilitating the commission of any felony or facilitating flight of any person following the commission of a felony.”
16 later decisions quote this exact passage“'The key question . . . is whether the kidnapping charge is supported by evidence from which a jury could reasonably find that the necessary restraint for kidnapping "exposed [the victim] to greater danger than that inherent in the armed robbery itself.”
13 later decisions quote this exact passage“a fact or group of facts which do not constitute any justification or excuse for killing or reduce it to a lesser degree of the crime of first-degree murder, but which may be considered as extenuating, or reducing the moral culpability of the killing, or making it less deserving of the extreme punishment than other first-degree murders.”
9 later decisions quote this exact passagee.g. State v. Craig · State v. Brown
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.