Adland v. Russ’s Empirical Analysis
307 F.3d 471 · 2002
Citation profile
46 federal appellate · 5 district · 1 state decisions
Relationships
Relies on Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner · Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment · Califano v. Sanders · Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission · Lemon v. Kurtzman
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 84 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“whether an objective observer, acquainted with the text, legislative history, and implementation of the enactment would view it as state endorsement of religion.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrencee.g. Jon B. Cutter J. Lee Hampton, United States of America, Intervenor-Appellee v. Reginald Wilkinson David Schwartz Nicholas G. Menedez L.C. Coval K.L. Brown George D. Alexander Dianne Walker Jim Erwin Ron Carnein Rudy Pringle Walter Lowery, John Miller, United States of America, Intervenor-Appellee v. Reginald Wilkinson David Schwartz Terry Collins Cheryl Hart Charles R. Griffin Charles Griffin, Chaplain, John W. Gerhardt, United States of America, Intervenor-Appellee v. Alan Lazaroff, Warden Kenneth Byers Don Wilson Mary Henderson Sherry Williamson Kristina Hackett Steven Weingart Ron Clifton Robert Englund Charles Conrad Stacha Doty Jack Taylor William Blaney Carol Martin June Coleman Dave Morris Vance York Susan Coolie Stephanie Walker Rachel Hettinger Kenneth E. McDonald · Cutter“The purpose prong of the Lemon test asks whether government's actual purpose is to endorse or disapprove of religion.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Jon B. Cutter J. Lee Hampton, United States of America, Intervenor-Appellee v. Reginald Wilkinson David Schwartz Nicholas G. Menedez L.C. Coval K.L. Brown George D. Alexander Dianne Walker Jim Erwin Ron Carnein Rudy Pringle Walter Lowery, John Miller, United States of America, Intervenor-Appellee v. Reginald Wilkinson David Schwartz Terry Collins Cheryl Hart Charles R. Griffin Charles Griffin, Chaplain, John W. Gerhardt, United States of America, Intervenor-Appellee v. Alan Lazaroff, Warden Kenneth Byers Don Wilson Mary Henderson Sherry Williamson Kristina Hackett Steven Weingart Ron Clifton Robert Englund Charles Conrad Stacha Doty Jack Taylor William Blaney Carol Martin June Coleman Dave Morris Vance York Susan Coolie Stephanie Walker Rachel Hettinger Kenneth E. McDonald · Freethought Society of Greater Philadelphia“test, which looks to whether a reasonable observer would believe that a particular action constitutes an endorsement of religion by the government. See Adland, 307 F.3d at 479 (citing Granzeier v. Middleton, 173 F.3d 568 , 573 (6th Cir.1999) (collecting cases) and Hawley v. City of Cleveland, 24 F.3d 814 , 822 (6th Cir.1994)). Accordingly, this Court has held that the endorsement test”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.