United States v. Breza’s Empirical Analysis
308 F.3d 430 · 2002
Citation profile
19 federal appellate · 1 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 35 later decisions — most recently July 2025 · most notably Presley v. City of Charlottesville (2006), United States v. Davis (2012)
19 federal appellate · 1 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Katz v. United States · Ornelas v. United States · Boyd v. United States · United States v. Jacobsen · United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 35 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[W]hat a person knowingly exposes to the public ... is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection____Thus, a law enforcement officer’s observations from a public vantage point where he has a right to be and from which the activities or objects he observes are clearly visible do not constitute a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.