216 NATIONAL
FEDERAL REl'ORTER.
BAN:K
OF THE REPUBLIC, OF NEW JOSE1'H.
YORK,
V. CITY OF
ST.
«(]ircuit Oourt, S. D.New York. June 20, 1887.)
1.
MUNICIPAL CoRPORATIONS-POWER'TO ISSUE BONDS-NOTICE TO PuRCHASER.
The power, of a municipal corporation to issue coupon bonds is derived legislative authority of the state, and the laws conferring such power from form a,part of the bOlj.ds Accordingly every person dealing with suchcorP9ratlon must, afhis peril, 'take notice of the existence and terms of the law by which it is claimed the power to issue such bonds is conferred. . '
2. SAME.,
:Tb:e charter'bf the defendant, a municipal corporation,empowered it to give interest-bearing coupon hOnds, payable at any length of time agreed upon, t,o,any creditor agreeing to receive the same, etc,,,"prov1,ded that nothing h,erein shaH be so con/ltru,eel as to prevent the maypr an,d councilmen from Call,i,'ng in ,and "paYing, off" a,,t any ,time,, th,ey may deem proper, the whole or any part of /laid bonds; and if the ,pridcipal of any such bonds, or any part thereOf, shall be to the holders of the same, and they shall neglect or refuse to receive it, all intereSt' shall cease ,on the sum so tendered from the date of said tender." Held, that a tender of payment of the principal of bonds dated J1Illy 1, 1871. payable 20 years after date, and bearing 10 per cent. interest, payable on the first dP,Yll',ofJuly and JanulU'y, duly made prior to ,July 1, 1886, was, a defense to an action ,on interest coupons, matlJring J annary 1,1887. brpugj;1t bV a traDsf,eree thereof. ,
At Law. N. RSanb<Yf'n;for plaintiff. Ramey &- I!roion and Dillon &- Stoayne, for defendants. WALLACE, J This action has beep tried before the court, a trial by jury having been waived. By stipulation, the question for determination is whether the facts set up in the answer are a defense. The action is upon certain interest coupons from bonds issued by defendant, a municipal corporation ofMissouri, to the St. Joseph Bridge Building Company, in payment of a subscription by the defendant for the capital stock of that cmnpany. The bonds are dated J1;Ily 1, 1871, and are 'payable to the St. Joseph Bridge Building Company or bearer, 20 years after date,at the National Bank of Commerce, in the city of New York, with interest at the rate of 10 per centum per annum, payable semi-anJ:lUally at saidbimk on the first days of Januaryanq July of each year, upqn the pr:esentation of interest. coupons. The action is founded on the January coupons of 1887. The defense made by the answer is that the defendant had a right to call in and pay the bonds before maturity, and at any time, pursuant to the statutes under which they were issued t and that, in the exercise of that right prior to July 1, 1886, the defendant paid the whole amount of principal, together with the interest which would accrue upon the bonds to that date, at the place of payment designated in the bonds. The holders of the bonds and coupons have refused to receive the money thus paid, or to surrender the obligation. By reason of this tender, interest ceased to accrue on the bonds on the first day of July,
NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC V. CITY OF ST. JOSEPH.
217
1886, ifthe defendant had the right to pay them off. Hence the question to be determined is whether the bonds were subject to the defendant's option to pay them before maturity. The bonds were issued. pursuant to the authority conferred upon the defendant by an act of the general assembly of Missouri of March 3, 1855, as amended by the act of March 24, 1870. These are acts to amend the charter of the defendant. The act of 1870 has no bearing upon the present question, and need not be referred to. The case turns upon the meaning and effect of three sections of the defendant's charter, conferring power upon the mayor ann councilmen, which read as fonows: "Sec. 2. T? provide for giving to any person to whom the city may be,indebted, and who may agree to receive the same, the bonds of the city, payable in any length of time, and bearing any rate of interest, not exceeding .ten per . cent. per annum, that may be agreed upon. "Sec. 3. It shall be the dUty Qf said mayor and councilmen to provide' for the prompt annual payment of ,the interest upon all bonds issued by the city, and fo1" this purpose they shall, by ordinance, set apart enough of the annual revenue of the city to meet said interest, or they may, in lieu thereof,levy and colle<lt a special annual tax upo1\cthe real and personal property within the city, not exceed ing one per cent. upon the assessed value thereof, which shall be applied exclusively to t4e ,Pityment of said interest, and in liquidation of the city deQt: provided,that nothing herein shall be so construe!! as to prevent said mayor and councilmen from calling in and paying off, at any time they rnay deem proper, the whole or any part of said bonds; and if the :principal of any such bonds, or any part thereof, shall be tendered to the holders of the same, and they shall neglect or refuse to receive it, all interest shall cease on the sum so tendered from the date of said tender. "Sec. 4. The mayor and councilmen shall have p<;>wer to subscribe for the capital stock of rail,roads terminating at or near said city, or for tbe stock of any other improvements tending to promote the general interest and property of the city; to issue the'bonds of the city for Said subscription. and provide, by special tax or otherwise, for the payment of the calls due on said stocks, a.nd interest due on said bonds, and the payment of said bonds when due: provided. proposition to subscribe for such st9ck,specifying the nature, amount, and terms of said subscription, and the manner in which the same is to be met andliquid-ated,by special tax or otherwise, be first submitted to a vote of-the owners of real estate in said cit,}", and shall have received the sanction of a majority of the owners of such real estate, who alone shall' be entitled to vote on such proposition: and provided. further. that the special tax authorized in this section, and in section third of this act, shall never jointly exceed one per cent. upon the assessed value of the property in said city." The proposition seems almost too plain to require discussion that iUs the intention of section 3, evinced in plain and explicit language, to empower the mayor and councilmen to call in and 'pay off, whenever they may deem it proper to doso, the whole or any part of the bonded indebtedness of the city. The exercise of the power, though permissive merell in its terms, is a duty which these officers are bound to fulfill. Mayor, etc., v. Furze, 3 Hill, 612; Supervi80rs v. U. S., 4 Wall. 435. It is a power given to them as a trust, to be held and exercised for the benefit of the public, from time to time as occasion requires. and cannot be effectually abridged by their own acts. Dill. Mun. Corp. §§, 61, 62.
218
.:FEIlERAJ. HEPORTER.
The provision which declares that interest shall cease if the holders of the bonds refuse to receive the principal when tendered, demonstrates unmistakably that the legislature intended to ingraft the option upon the bonds; and place· it beyond the power of the municipal authorities to bind· their successors in office by a different contract. There is no qualifying language in the section which limits the oper· ation of the proviso to bonds issued under section 2, but the proviso applies unequivocally to "all bonds issued by the city." These words describe, necessarily, not only the bonds created for general purposes under section 2, but also those created for special objects under section 4. Upon the general principles of. the interpretation of statutes, where the words are general, the courts are not at liberty to insert limitations not called for by the sense, or the objects, or the mischiefs of the enactment. U. S. v. Coomb8, 12 Pet. 72. It is to be observed that the three sections cover the whole subject of municipal power and duty in respect to creating and discharging bonded indebtedness. Section 2 confers plenary power upon the mayor apd councilmen to create bonds for any debt contracted within the scope of the municipal authority. Section 4 bonds for certain specified confers power upon these officers to extramunicipl:\l objects, when sanctioned in advance by a vote of taxpayers. Sec,tion 3. devolves upon these officers the duty of providing, by special taxation or otherwise, for the payment of the annual interest on the whole bonded debt, ,authorizes them to call in and payoff the. principal or any part of it at any time, restricts them from levying taxes beyond a fixed annual limit, and prevents them from abridging the right of theirsuc<lessors to call in and pay bonds before maturity, by depriving the bondholders of interest after a tender of the principal. This of the policy of the legislature upon all these subsection is jects, and defines' the duties and powers of the mayor and councilmen concerning "all bonds issued by the city." Explicit provisions in a statute, comprehending in terms a whole class of cases, are not to be restrained by applying to those cases an implication drawn from subsequent words, unless that implication is very clear, necessary, and irresistible. Faw v. Mar8teUer,2 Cranch, 10. . . Section 4 is ancillary and subordinate to sections 2 and 3. It is intended to confer an authority which is never implied,which can only exist by express legislative sanction, and which, when granted, is invariably guarded by limitations and conditions calculated to check abuses in its exercise. No reason has been suggested, and none can be COllceived, why the legislature should intend to,clothe bonds issued under such an authority with special privileges. Certainly rio such intentioncan be implied when this would be incousistent with the scheme of municipal duty in respect to bonded debts generally. That section 4 is intended to be subordinate to section 3 is shown by. the proviso, which requires that the special tax authorized for the payment of the interest and principal of the bonds shall be included in the limitation of the third section respecting a special annual tax. If section 4 had preceded section 3 in the order of arrangement of
NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC
v.
CITY OF ST. JOSEPH.
219
the several sections, or if sections 2 and 4 had been transposed, there would be nothing in the language of either section· upon which to hinge a doubt. The order of arrangement of the various sections of a legislative act is never, independently of other circumstances; worthy of consideration in interpretation. The contention of the plaintiff is built wholly upon the words ofsection 4, which confer power upon the mayor and councilmen to issue bonds for subscriptions, an!! provide for the payment of the interest, "and the payment of the principal of said bonds when due." The argument is that, because the mayor and councilmen are to provide for the payment of the principal of these bonds a when are impliedly prohibited from doing so before the bonds fall due," due. But the injunction to provide for the payment of the bonds when due does not forbid the exercise of the right to. pay them before they fall due; much less is it inconsistent with the duty to pay them when the public interests require this to be done. Certainly the language of the fonrth section no more evinces the intention of the legislature to permit the mayor and councilmen to bind the city by issuing bonds which cannot be retired before the principal becomes due than that does of the second section, which authorizes them to issue bonds "payable in any length of time." Both sections permit them to issue bonds which will not mature before a fixed date, but neither permits them to abridge or impair the right created for the protection of the city by the proviso of sec. tion 3. Although the plaintiff is a holder for value, and before. maturity, of the coupons in suit, the defense asserted must prevail. A municipal corporation cannot, without legislative authority, issue bonds in aid of any extraneous object. Every person dealing with such corporation must, at his peril, take notice of the existence and terms of the law by which it is claimed the power to issue such bauds is concerned. The power to issue such bonds is derived exclusively from the legislative authority of the state, and the laws which confer them enter into and form a part of the bonds themselves, as much so as if they were expresSly referred to or incorporated in the bonds themselves. The holder of a municipal bond is chargeable with notice of the statutory provisions under which it was issued. Anthony v. Ja8pe:r 0'0.,101 U. S. 693,697; Oyden v. Davies8 Co., 102 U. S. 634; Northern Bank v. POTter Tp., 110 U. S. 608, 618, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 254. By the terms of the statutory authority it was a condition of the present bonds that interest should cease upon a tender of the principal by the defendant at any time. As has been said, it was beyond the power of the mayor and councilmen to curtail or impair the effect of this condition by issuing bonds of a different tenor. It follows that judgment must be directed for the defendant.
220 GWATHMAY
FEDEnAL REPORTER.
and others v.
CLISBY
and others.
(Cirouit Court, 8. D. New York. lIay 20, 1887.) 1. STATUTE-CONSTRUCTION-BILL OF, EXCHANGE-CODE ALA.
1876, § 2094. Code Ala; 1876, § 2094, provides that "bills of exchange and promissory notes, payable in money at S:bank or private banking-house, or a certain place of payment therein designa\ed,are governed by the commercial law." Held, on exaJ;llination of the provisions of the laws of Alabama in pari mate· ria, and the antecedent legislation of the state upon the same subject, that the qualifying words, "payable in money at a bank. "etc.· apply only to promissory notes, and that negatillplehills of exchange, whether payable at a cammerspecified place of payment or ,not, are still governed by the ciallaw. " '., . , '
2.SAME-COMMON-LAW ·RULE.
The common law of negotiable paper will not be deemed altered by statute so as to subject a bill of exch,ange, In the hands of a bona fide purchaser for value, to the equities existing between the original parties, unless the statute evinces an intentipn'to daso in clear and peremptory terms.
Thoma8 G. Sh(Jr'Tflan, for plaintiffs., Wm. P. Ghambe:r8, for defendants. WAU,ACE, J. Thiscase is here upon the motion of the plaintiffs for a new trial on exceptions to the rulings of the referee by whom the case was tried. The actic::mis brought upon a bill of exchange drawn upon defendants, and accepted by them, at Montgomery,Alabama. The .referee found that the acceptance6fthe bill was obtained by fraud and without consideration,but that the plaintiffs received the bill without actual notice of ,any defense thereto, or of any equities existing between the drawers thereof and the payee in part payment of an antecedent indebtedness of the drawers. He decided that under the law of Alabama the bill of exchange was not a negotiable instrument, and wliS not governed by commercial law,because it was not by its terms payable at a certain place of payment therein designated. The only question whidh it is necessary to consider is whether bills of exchange are"governed by' the commercial law," within the meaning of section 2094 ofthe Code of Alabafua of 1876, when they are not by their terms payable at a certain place of payment designated. If they are, as the plaintiffs were holders in good' faith and for value; according to the decisions controlling lipan this court, the bill of exchange in their hands was not subject to the equities existing between the original parties. Swift v. Tyson, 16 Pet. 1: Railroad 06. v. Naticmal Bank, 102 U. S. 14. The language of the section is as follows: "Sec. 2094. Bills of exchange and promissory notes, payable in money at a bank or private banking-house, or a certain place of payment therein designated, are governed by the commercial law."
It is plain, upon the maxim expre.ssW tmius est exclusio alteriv-s, that promissory notes are not governed by the law of commercial paper, under this section, unless they are made payable at a bank or private banking-