31 U.S.C. § 1112
Section 1112 · Fiscal, budget, and program information
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 3 court decisions — leading case Ameron, Inc. v. United States Army Corps of Engineers (1986)
Most recently applied in Sierra Club v. Donald Trump (October 2020)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
(a) In this section, “agency” means a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government except a mixed-ownership Government corporation.
(b) In cooperation with the Comptroller General, the Secretary of the Treasury and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall establish and maintain standard data processing and information systems for fiscal, budget, and program information for use by agencies to meet the needs of the Government, and to the extent practicable, of State and local governments.
(c) The Comptroller General—
(1) in cooperation with the Secretary, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the Director of the Congressional Budget Office, shall establish, maintain, and publish standard terms and classifications for fiscal, budget, and program information of the Government, including information on fiscal policy, receipts, expenditures, programs, projects, activities, and functions;
(2) when advisable, shall report to Congress on those terms and classifications, and recommend legislation necessary to promote the establishment, maintenance, and use of standard terms and classifications by the executive branch of the Government; and
(3) in carrying out this subsection, shall give particular consideration to the needs of the Committees on Appropriations and on the Budget of both Houses of Congress, the Committee on Ways and Means of the House, the Committee on Finance of the Senate, and the Congressional Budget Office.
(d) Agencies shall use the standard terms and classifications published under subsection (c)(1) of this section in providing fiscal, budget, and program information to Congress.
(e) In consultation with the President, the head of each executive agency shall take actions necessary to achieve to the extent possible—
(1) consistency in budget and accounting classifications;
(2) synchronization between those classifications and organizational structure; and
(3) information by organizational unit on performance and program costs to support budget justifications.
(f) In cooperation with the Director of the Congressional Budget Office, the Comptroller General, and appropriate representatives of State and local governments, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (to the extent practicable) shall provide State and local governments with fiscal, budget, and program information necessary for accurate and timely determination by those governments of the impact on their budgets of assistance of the United States Government.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
In the section, the words “program information” are substituted for “program-related data and information” to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (a), the words “ ‘agency’ . . . of the United States Government except a mixed-ownership Government corporation” are substituted for “ ‘Federal agency’ . . . wholly owned Government corporation” for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word “establishment” is omitted as surplus. The words “government of the District of Columbia” are omitted as superseded by sections 441–455, 501, and 736 of the District of Columbia Self-Government and Governmental Reorganization Act (Pub. L. 93–198, 87 Stat. 798, 812, 823).
In subsections (b) and (c)(1), the word “develop” is omitted as being included in “establish”.
In subsection (b), the words “The development, establishment, and maintenance of such systems shall be carried out so as” are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.
In subsection (c)(1) and (2), the words “terms and classifications” are substituted for “terminology, definitions, classifications, and codes” to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words “The authority contained in this section shall include, but not be limited to” are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words “After June 30, 1975” are omitted as executed. The word “additional” is omitted as surplus. The words “establishment, maintenance, and use of” are substituted for “development, establishment, and maintenance, modification . . . implementation” to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised section. The words “by the executive branch of the Government” are substituted for “executive” for clarity. The text of 31:1152(a)(2)(1st sentence) is omitted as executed. In clause (3), the words “this subsection” are substituted for “this responsibility” because of the restatement.
In subsection (c)(1), the word “revenues” is omitted as being included in “receipts”. The word “spending” is substituted for “expenditures” for consistency in the revised title.
In subsection (e), the word “President” is substituted for “Director of the Office of Management and Budget” because sections 101 and 102(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1970 (eff. July 1, 1970, 84 Stat. 2085) designated the Bureau of the Budget as the Office of Management and Budget and transferred all functions of the Bureau to the President.