State v. Etzel

                                       761

Argued and submitted December 6, 2018, reversed and remanded April 21, 2021


                        STATE OF OREGON,
                         Plaintiff-Respondent,
                                   v.
                     DANIEL CARLYON ETZEL,
                         Defendant-Appellant.
                      Linn County Circuit Court
                        15CR40933; A163473
                                   

     Defendant was convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse, ORS
163.427, two counts of second-degree rape, ORS 163.365, and two counts of
second-degree sodomy, ORS 163.395. The convictions stem from defendant’s
alleged sexual abuse of his girlfriend’s daughter. On appeal, defendant challenges several of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings: (1) the exclusion of testimony by defendant’s ex-girlfriend and defendant’s ex-wife regarding their opinions of defendant’s “sexual propriety around children” as a character trait under
OEC 404(2)(a); (2) the overruling of defendant’s objection to a police detective’s
qualifications to testify about grooming of children for sexual abuse; and (3) the
admission of grooming evidence over defendant’s objections based on OEC 401,
OEC 702, and OEC 403. Held: The trial court did not err in excluding opinion
testimony regarding defendant’s sexual propriety around children specifically,
because character refers to one’s tendency to act in a certain way in all the varying situations of life, and the court allowed opinion testimony about defendant’s
sexual propriety generally. As for the grooming-evidence rulings, the trial court
did not err in deeming the police detective qualified to testify or in concluding
that the evidence was relevant. However, the trial court did err under OEC 702
when it concluded that the evidence was not scientific and did not require a scientific foundation, requiring a remand for further proceedings.
    Reversed and remanded.




    Daniel R. Murphy, Judge.
   Kristin A. Carveth, Deputy Public Defender, argued the
cause for appellant. Also on the briefs was Ernest G. Lannet,
Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate Section, Office of Public
Defense Services.
   Jordan R. Silk, Assistant Attorney General, argued
the cause for respondent. Also on the briefs were Ellen F.
Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman,
Solicitor General.
762                                               State v. Etzel

  Before DeHoog, Presiding Judge, and Egan, Chief Judge,
and Aoyagi, Judge.*
    AOYAGI, J.
    Reversed and remanded.




______________
   * Egan, C. J., vice Hadlock, J. pro tempore.
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           AOYAGI, J.
          In 2014, defendant’s girlfriend’s 16-year-old daughter, B, told a police officer that defendant had sexually abused
her over a 10-year period, beginning in 2004 when she and
her mother moved in with him. The specifics of the alleged
abuse are not relevant to the issues on appeal. Defendant
was subsequently convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse, ORS 163.427; two counts of second-degree rape,
ORS 163.365; and two counts of second-degree sodomy, ORS
163.395.
         On appeal, defendant challenges several of the
trial court’s evidentiary rulings: (1) the exclusion of testimony by defendant’s ex-girlfriend and his ex-wife regarding their opinions of his “sexual propriety around children”
as a character trait under OEC 404(2)(a); (2) the overruling
of defendant’s objection to a police detective’s qualifications
to testify about grooming of children for sexual abuse; and
(3) the admission of grooming evidence over defendant’s
objections based on OEC 401, OEC 702, and OEC 403.1 We
hold that the trial court did not err as to the first two rulings but erred in part as to the third group of rulings. Under
State v. Henley, 

, 

 (2018), the
grooming evidence was scientific in nature and required a
scientific foundation under OEC 702. We therefore reverse
and remand for further proceedings.
                    I. LIMITATION ON
               SEXUAL-PROPRIETY EVIDENCE
         At trial, defendant called his ex-girlfriend, Messina,
to testify for the defense. The state objected when defendant began questioning Messina about defendant’s interactions with her two young children. The state argued to the
court that, under State v. Enakiev, 

, 

 (2001), defendant could ask Messina about defendant’s
     1
       In supplemental assignments of error, defendant challenges the trial
court’s instruction to the jury that only 10 jurors had to agree on guilt and its
subsequent acceptance of the jury’s verdicts. The jury was polled, however, and
all verdicts were unanimous. As such, although the instruction violated the Sixth
Amendment, Ramos v. Louisiana, 

, 

, 

 (2020), the error was harmless, State v. Ciraulo, 

, 

(2020).
764                                                             State v. Etzel

sexual propriety in general, as character evidence, but could
not ask her about his behavior around children specifically.
Defendant disagreed, arguing that Messina could opine
that defendant was sexually appropriate around children,
as character evidence, and that specific instances were
appropriate to lay a foundation.2
         The trial court sustained the state’s objection, ruling that Messina could testify to her opinion of defendant’s
sexual propriety in general but not to her opinion of defendant’s sexual propriety around children specifically or to
specific instances of defendant being sexually appropriate
around children. Messina then testified consistently with
the limitations placed by the court, including testifying to
her opinion that defendant’s sexual propriety is “very good.”
          The same issue arose again when defendant called
his ex-wife, Etzel, with whom he has two children, to testify for the defense. Defendant advised the court that Etzel
would testify that his sexual propriety in general is good
and that he behaves appropriately around children. The
state reiterated its position that it is improper to ask a witness about a defendant’s sexual propriety around children
specifically, while defendant again argued that sexual propriety around children is a pertinent character trait in child
sex abuse cases. Consistent with its prior ruling, the court
ruled that Etzel could testify to her opinion of defendant’s
sexual propriety generally but not his sexual propriety
around children specifically. The court also noted the minimal probative value of the excluded evidence, given that
sexual abuse of children tends to occur behind closed doors.
Etzel proceeded to testify consistently with the limitations
placed by the court, including testifying to her opinion that
defendant’s sexual propriety is “good.”
         On appeal, in his first assignment of error, defendant
argues that the trial court erred in excluding Messina’s and
Etzel’s opinion testimony about his sexual propriety around
children specifically. Defendant argues that such testimony
was admissible character evidence under OEC 404(2) and

    2
      On the latter point, defendant was not entirely consistent in that, at another
point, he said, “I’m not going into specific instances of behavior.”
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Enakiev. The state maintains that it was properly excluded
under those authorities.
         “Evidence of a person’s character is not admissible
for the purpose of proving that the person acted in conformity therewith on a particular occasion,” with certain exceptions, one of which is “[e]vidence of a pertinent trait of character offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut
the same.” OEC 404(2)(a). “Character” generally refers to “a
person’s disposition or propensity towards certain behavior,
such as honesty, or a person’s tendency to act in a certain
way in all varying situations of life.” State v. Marshall, 

, 

 (1991) (internal quotation marks
and ellipsis omitted). Thus, character evidence is evidence of
a particular trait—such as truthfulness, honesty, temperance, carefulness, or peacefulness, among others—as manifested in all varying situations of life; for example, a person’s
character for carefulness refers to his or her propensity to
act with care in all varying situations of life. 

. The
admissibility of evidence under OEC 404(2)(a) is a question
of law. State v. Basua, 

, 

(2016).
          In Enakiev, we held that sexual propriety is a “trait
of character” for purposes of OEC 404(2)(a). 

. In that case, the defendant was charged with harassment by touching the sexual or intimate parts of another.

. He sought to have six witnesses (his wife, his
pastor, his pastor’s wife, the associate pastor, a friend, and
an acquaintance) testify to his sexual propriety as character
evidence under OEC 404(2)(a), but the trial court excluded
the testimony as not pertaining to a “trait of character.” 

We reversed, concluding that “evidence of a person’s character with respect to sexual propriety evinces that person’s propensity to act in a sexually proper manner in all
the varying situations of life” and, as such, “is materially
indistinguishable” from those character traits enumerated
in Marshall and therefore is an admissible character trait.

 (internal quotation marks omitted). To be admitted, sexual-propriety character evidence must be relevant—
i.e., it must have a tendency to make the existence of a
fact of consequence more or less probable than it would
be without the evidence—and it must be in proper form—
766                                               State v. Etzel

i.e., it must be in the form of reputation or opinion testimony,
rather than referencing specific instances of sexually appropriate conduct. 

; see also Marshall, 

. In Enakiev, the evidence was relevant, because a person
“of excellent sexual propriety” would be unlikely to touch the
sexual or intimate parts of another, and it was in the proper
form, because it did not refer to specific instances of conduct.

 (internal quotation marks omitted). The
trial court therefore erred in excluding it. 

.

         Similarly, sexual-propriety character evidence was
wrongly excluded in Basua, where the defendant was charged
with second-degree sexual abuse after he allegedly sexually assaulted an acquaintance while they were both highly
intoxicated. 

. As part of his defense,
the defendant intended to call a female friend to testify that
that she had known him for two years, that she had spent
time with him while he was intoxicated, and that her opinion was that he was sexually appropriate around women.

. The trial court excluded the evidence, and we
reversed. 

. We explained that the evidence
was relevant, in that it tended to show that the defendant
would not have acted in a sexually inappropriate manner
against the complainant, and was in the proper form, in
that it consisted only of the witness’s opinion and did not
refer to specific instances of sexually appropriate conduct.

.

        In this case, Messina and Etzel testified to their
opinions of defendant’s sexual propriety in general, but they
were not permitted to testify to their opinions of defendant’s
sexual propriety around children specifically. Defendant
contends that that was error under OEC 404(2)(a). The
state maintains that it was not. We agree with the state. By
its nature, character evidence pertains to a “person’s tendency to act in a certain way in all varying situations of life.”
Marshall, 

 (internal quotation marks omitted;
emphasis added). Thus, a person with the character trait
of “sexual propriety” is a person who tends to act in a sexually appropriate manner in all the varying situations of
life—which would include those involving children. In stating their opinions of defendant’s good character for sexual
Cite as 

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propriety, Messina and Etzel were necessarily opining that
defendant tends to be sexually appropriate in all situations.
To illustrate, if someone has a tendency to sexually abuse
children, then, regardless of how the person tends to act
with adults, it would be impossible to say that the person is
“sexually appropriate” as a character trait. A character trait
is a tendency present in all the varying situations of life.
         Under OEC 404(2) and existing precedent, defendant was entitled to put on character evidence of his general
tendency toward sexual propriety—and the trial court permitted him to do so—but he was not entitled to put on evidence regarding a tendency toward sexual propriety around
children specifically. Sexual propriety around children is
not a distinct character trait but, rather, as the state puts
it, one specific manifestation of the general trait of sexual
propriety. To conclude otherwise would tip too far toward
allowing evidence of specific instances of sexually appropriate conduct. See Marshall, 

 (recognizing the
admissibility of general character evidence, such as evidence
of a person’s reputation for dishonesty, but the inadmissibility of more specific evidence, such as evidence of a person’s
reputation for telling a “particular kind of lie” or evidence of
a particular instance of the person lying).
        Having concluded that the trial court did not err in
limiting Messina’s and Etzel’s testimony to their opinions
of defendant’s sexual propriety as a general character trait,
we need not reach the state’s alternative argument that any
error was harmless.
      II. ADMISSION OF GROOMING EVIDENCE
         Defendant’s second and third assignments of error
pertain to the trial court’s rulings allowing a police detective, Fairall, to testify about the concept of “grooming.” As
he did in the trial court, defendant contends that Fairall’s
testimony lacked relevance under OEC 401; that it would not
assist the trier of fact under OEC 702, both because it lacked
scientific validity and because Fairall was not qualified to
testify about grooming; and that it was unfairly prejudicial
under OEC 403. We first describe the challenged evidence
and then address each of defendant’s arguments.
768                                             State v. Etzel

A.   The Challenged Evidence
         At trial, the state intended to call as a witness
Fairall, a police detective, to testify about the concept of
grooming. Defendant moved in limine to exclude that testimony under OEC 401, OEC 702, and OEC 403. The state
made an offer of proof outside the presence of the jury, during
which Fairall testified as follows.
         Fairall has worked at the Albany Police Department
for 24 years and has specialized in investigating sex crimes
against children for 12 years. He has been involved in over
1,000 investigations, mostly involving sex crimes against
children. Fairall has attended numerous training conferences regarding the investigation of sex crimes against
children, including a week-long conference that he attends
every year. An internationally known Irish forensic psychologist taught a recent week-long conference, which included
“a lot” about grooming. Fairall also reads “a lot of articles”
about child abuse.
         When asked if his training has helped him to recognize “a process that has come to be known as grooming,”
Fairall answered yes. According to Fairall, grooming is “a
process that is fairly well documented” and that he sees in
“most cases,” although there is not “one specific definition
[of grooming] that everyone agrees on.” Grooming involves
an offender “ingratiating themselves” with a child and
the child’s family, including spending time with them and
sometimes buying them things. The offenders “often come
across as quite dependable people in the eyes of family members and people who are around the child.” The purpose of
grooming is to “train” a child and the adults in a child’s life
in a way that will facilitate the offender’s end goal of sexual
gratification.
         The trial court denied defendant’s motion to exclude
Fairall’s testimony about the concept of grooming. The court
emphasized, however, that Fairall could testify only from
his training and experience as a police officer and that he
could not testify “that grooming is an accepted scientific
methodology or theory in psychology”:
        “THE COURT: I think the officer can testify based
     on his training and experience that people who commit
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   sex crimes often engage in this conduct sometimes called
   grooming or whatever else he wants to call it, and he can
   describe what it is.
      “…
       “What I think the officer cannot do, because there has
   not been a Daubert/O’Key/Brown foundation in this case to
   show that grooming is an accepted scientific methodology
   or theory in psychology. So the officer cannot testify that
   this is an accepted psychological theory, this is an accepted
   scientific theory. He can’t say that Dr. Joseph Sullivan
   teaches such and such and so on. He can’t do those things.
   Because the officer is not a psychologist, he’s not a scientist,
   he’s not—doesn’t qualify based on the foundation, at least
   I’ve heard today, as someone who understands the background of the science, which I think [State v. Hansen, 

, 

 (1986), aff’d in part, rev’d
   in part on other grounds, 

, 

 (1987),]
   talks about somewhat.
      “So I think that’s where the dividing line is. He’s an
   expert as a police officer, and he can testify about his experience as a police officer. He cannot testify as a psychologist.”

         Fairall then testified before the jury. He explained
that he had worked for 12 years as a detective primarily investigating sex crimes against children. He was not
involved in investigating B’s claims. The subject of grooming was introduced as follows:
      “[PROSECUTOR]: In the course of your experience as
   a detective in working child sexual abuse cases and in the
   training you’ve received in that connection, have you come
   to recognize a process that sometimes occurs between an
   adult and a child that has something to do with that adult
   becoming sexually connected to that child?
      “[FAIRALL]: I have.
      “[PROSECUTOR]: Does that process, has it come to be
   known by several names, one of which is grooming?
       “[FAIRALL]: Correct. There is a process that is often
   in this field of work, referred to as grooming, sometimes it’s
   called seduction. And there’s probably other names for it as
   well.”
770                                             State v. Etzel

Fairall then detailed his experience, including how many
cases he had investigated, and his training specific to child
sexual abuse, including attending a week-long conference
every year, attending local trainings at least once a month,
and reading articles.

         Returning to the “process of grooming,” Fairall
described the process as varying depending on the child’s
age and the child-offender relationship. Fairall gave examples of different ways that an offender might ingratiate himself with a child and the child’s family, depending on the
child’s age, with the ultimate goal being to sexually offend
against the child and get away with it. According to Fairall,
grooming “progresses slowly and in stages,” as the offender
makes himself “an important part of the child’s world.”
As for actual touching, the line of physical contact may be
crossed with a simple hug, and then maybe the next hug
lasts a little bit longer or perhaps a little bit too long. The
physical contact becomes sexually gratifying to the offender,
who is touching the child and thinking about what he would
like to do or the next step.

        As agreed by the state and ordered by the court,
Fairall never testified about the particulars of this case or
whether any conduct by this defendant was consistent with
grooming. On cross-examination, Fairall affirmed that he is
not a psychologist.

         In addition to Fairall’s testimony, the jury heard
testimony from numerous other witnesses, including B,
B’s mother, B’s childhood friend, a person who found a cell
phone video of B and defendant, police officers and detectives involved in the investigation, and defendant. As relevant here, B testified that defendant took care of her when
she was young, that he was there for her and always willing
to listen to her, and that he was her best friend—as well
as that he had repeatedly sexually abused her. In his own
testimony, defendant denied any sexual contact with B. He
testified that he took care of B in her mother’s absence, that
he bought her gifts and threw her a birthday party, and that
B had a contentious relationship with her mother and would
confide in him about it.
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        In closing, the state pointed to defendant caring
for B and doing things for B and asked the jury to consider
whether those were acts of kindness or grooming:
     “It is not disputed that [he] did things for [B]. He describes
     them. The question for you is, what do those mean? What
     do they indicate about him? Were they simple acts of kindness or were they something else? Were they his actions to
     bring himself closer to her, attach himself to her, have her
     close to him, encourage her to feel like he is her best friend
     so that being so close and now so much a part of the world
     that she had, he could do the things that she now describes
     he did and she would not speak of it?
        “So, think about the actions of [defendant] at the different stages and consider whether the actions are simple
     matters of kindness or are, in fact, a bit more. Something
     more so that we should not see his actions as he was a kind
     man, how can we think that he did sexual things to her,
     but instead to see his actions as a process that Detective
     Fairall said can be called grooming. But the point is not
     whether that’s the right description, the point is the effect
     of his actions, [defendant’s] actions. Because the way in
     which he provided things for [B], stepped into a position
     where he was close to her and she learned to trust him.
     Because he put her to bed at night, he got her up in the
     morning, he walked her over to school. He was there when
     her mom was not.”
        In response, defendant reiterated the theme from
his opening statement that “no kind deed shall go unpunished.” He suggested that B was trying to repair her relationship with her mother by making false accusations
against him. Defendant argued that there was no grooming
and that “anything anyone does can be construed in a bad
way if you look at it in a bad way.” He argued that “all he
was doing was being a kind person” and that the state was
taking his kindness and casting it in a negative light.
B.    Relevance (OEC 401)
        Defendant contends that the trial court should have
excluded Fairall’s grooming testimony as lacking relevance.
Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make the
existence of any material fact more or less probable than
it would be without the evidence. OEC 401. Evidence that
772                                             State v. Etzel

even slightly increases the probability of the existence of a
material fact is relevant. State v. Williams, 

,

 (1992). Relevancy “depends on the particular
facts of each case,” State v. Stafford, 

,

 (1998), rev den, 

 (1999), and is a question of law, State v. Swinney, 

, 

, rev den, 

 (2015).
         We agree with the state that Fairall’s testimony
regarding the general concept of grooming was relevant
here for the same reason that similar evidence was relevant in Swinney. 

 There was evidence that defendant had
engaged in behavior toward B for many years that defendant contended was kind and innocent but that the state
believed was grooming. Given that evidence, Fairall’s testimony was relevant to help the jury understand that it is
possible for seeming acts of kindness to serve a dark purpose and that a person’s seemingly close relationship with
a child does not exclude the possibility of sexual abuse. See
Swinney, 

 (testimony about concept of
grooming could assist the jury to understand specific behavior by the defendant).
         To be clear, grooming testimony such as Fairall’s is
not relevant to show that a particular defendant is a sexual
offender because he engaged in facially innocent acts that
could be grooming. State v. Hansen, 

, 

 (1987). But the state did not seek to use the evidence for
that purpose here. When defendant objected to Fairall’s testimony on relevance grounds, relying on Hansen, the state made
clear that it was seeking to admit the testimony solely for the
purpose described as permissible in Swinney. The state asked
to admit the testimony for the “single purpose” of helping the
jury understand that more than one inference was possible
from defendant’s acts of kindness—they could be true acts of
kindness, or they could be means to a nefarious end. The trial
court admitted the evidence on that basis, relying on Swinney,
after which the state used the evidence in a manner consistent with the purpose of its admission. In closing, the state
argued that there were two possible ways to look at all of the
nice things that defendant had done for B over the years—one
good and one bad—and that it was up to the jury to decide
what had really happened between defendant and B.
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        We therefore agree with the state that Fairall’s
testimony was relevant for the purpose for which it was
admitted.
C. Scientific Validity (OEC 702)
          Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by
treating Fairall’s testimony as nonscientific in nature and,
consequently, by not requiring the state to establish scientific validity. The state maintains that the testimony was
nonscientific in nature. Under Henley, 

, defendant has the better argument.
          “If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence
or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an
expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education
may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”
OEC 702. However, “scientific knowledge cannot assist the
trier of fact if it is not ‘scientifically valid.’ Henley, 

 (quoting State v. O’Key, 

, 

(1995)). Thus, when evidence is scientific in nature, the state
must “comply with the standards for admission of scientific
evidence” set out in O’Key and State v. Brown, 

,

 (1984). 

          As for what qualifies as “scientific’’ evidence, it is
“evidence that draws its convincing force from some principle of science, mathematics and the like.” Brown, 

. Scientific evidence may “be based on the ‘hard’ sciences in which experiments to control a host of variables
can be designed and run to test hypotheses.” Henley, 

. Or it may be based on the “ ‘soft’ sciences—that
is, social and behavioral sciences, which rely on observation
and interpretation of human behavior”—which “also possess ‘the increased potential to influence the trier of fact as
scientific assertion.’ ” 

 at 303 (quoting State v. Marrington,

, 

 (2003)).
         “[T]he fact that the proponent of expert evidence at
trial disclaims that the evidence is scientifically grounded
does not obviate the possibility that it nevertheless constitutes ‘scientific’ evidence under OEC 702.” Henley, 

. “[W]hether proffered expert testimony is scientific
774                                              State v. Etzel

evidence, requiring an appropriate foundation, depends primarily on whether the trier of fact will perceive the evidence
as such.” Marrington, 

. It is a question of law
whether evidence is “scientific” in nature. State v. Plueard,

, 

, adh’d to as modified on
recons, 

, 

 (2019).
         The foundational requirements to admit grooming
evidence in criminal cases involving alleged sexual abuse
of children has been “a hotly contested issue” for some time.
State v. McCarthy, 

, 237 n 3, 

(2012). After defendant’s trial, the Supreme Court decided
Henley, which involved alleged sexual abuse of a child. In
Henley, a forensic interviewer testified to having bachelor’s
and master’s degrees in social work, specialized training in
forensic interviewing, training “regarding a concept called
grooming,” and over 10 years’ experience working in child
welfare and protection and forensic interviewing—but disclaimed any background in psychology. 

.
She then testified about the concept of grooming, gave examples of grooming behavior, and opined that a particular type
of conduct by the defendant in that case could be considered
grooming. 

.
         On review, the Supreme Court concluded that the
forensic interviewer’s testimony qualified as scientific evidence. 

. The witness “was presented as an expert
in child sexual abuse,” and the state used her testimony “as
substantive evidence that defendant had groomed and then
sexually abused” the complainant. 

. It was not
dispositive that the witness “did not purport to establish
that sexual grooming has been studied by social scientists
or that her assertions about grooming have been scientifically verified,” nor was it dispositive that she did not specifically reference scientific literature. 

. She conveyed information that was not common knowledge and that
the jury would have understood as scientific in nature, so it
was error to admit her testimony without first establishing
its scientific validity. 

.
        After Henley, we decided Plueard. In Plueard,
a social worker testified that “through her training and
experience”—which included a master’s degree in social
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work, over 11 years of work experience, and having conducted over 1,200 interviews of children—she had “become
familiar with a phenomenon called grooming.” 

. She then described that phenomenon to the jury.

. She did not opine that any particular conduct by
the defendant could be grooming. See 

 Applying Henley,
we held that the testimony was scientific in nature and
required a scientific foundation. 

. We noted that
use of the phrase “a phenomenon called grooming” itself
could “evoke, at least in certain contexts, a kind of scientific
air, as it suggests the existence of a recognized pattern of
conduct that has been determined to have particular significance.” 

. That “scientific air,” coupled with the
witness’s training and experience, implied to the jury that
the testimony was “grounded in science,” and the jury likely
would have viewed the testimony as scientific. 

         By contrast, in State v. Evensen, 

, 

, rev den, 

 (2019), we held that
a police detective’s testimony on certain issues related to
investigating sexual abuse of children was not scientific evidence under OEC 702. In that case, the detective had interviewed the alleged victim, who was 12 years old. 

. She testified that she had primarily investigated
physical and sexual abuse of children for nearly five years.

 She explained that, when interviewing minors, she was
expected to follow the Oregon Interviewing Guidelines,
“[f]or uniformity, and to limit the amounts of suggestibility with children.” 

 (brackets in original). Asked about
the age range for which suggestibility was concerning, the
detective answered that it was mostly ages three to four,
that children of that age were “really tough” to interview,
and that she herself would not interview a child that young.

. Interviewing a 12-year-old was “definitely
a lot easier in [her] opinion.” 

 (brackets in original). Later, in response to a different line of questioning,
the detective testified that, in thinking about the hundreds
of cases that she had investigated, “maybe a handful” had
involved an offender who was “a stranger to the child,” but,
more typically, the offender was someone “connected to
the family” who “the parent has a good relationship with.”

776                                              State v. Etzel

         In concluding that the testimony in Evensen was
not scientific, we noted that, unlike in Henley and Plueard,
the testimony was “expressly based … on [the witness’s]
own experience as a police officer.” 

; see also State
v. Smith, 

, 

 (2019), rev den,

 (2020) (suggesting that when grooming testimony would be “understood by the jury as a product of [the
expert’s] own observations and common knowledge rather
than derived from scientific principles,” it is analogous to
the testimony in Evensen and thus likely not “scientific” for
purposes of OEC 702). The witness did not suggest that a
“phenomenon” existed independently of her own experience,
nor was she asked questions in a manner that “suggested
that the subsequent testimony would have an authoritative
scientific character.” Evensen, 

. Because
the testimony did not imply a grounding in science and did
not carry a “scientific air,” it was not scientific evidence for
purposes of OEC 702. 

.

         Returning to the facts of this case, Fairall’s testimony was more like the testimony in Henley and Plueard—
particularly Plueard—than the testimony in Evensen. Like
the witnesses in Henley and Plueard, and unlike the witness
in Evensen, Fairall alluded to a larger body of behavioral science, even if he did not directly invoke it. Fairall described
“a process” that “is often in this field of work referred to
as grooming.” He testified to understanding grooming not
only from personal experience but from his fairly extensive
training, which included years of regularly attending conferences, attending local trainings, and reading articles. He
spoke about “grooming” in a manner that the jury would
have understood to be informed by a larger body of knowledge accessible to him through his training, even if it was
reinforced by his own observations. That understanding
likely would have been intensified by the fact that Fairall
had no involvement in the police investigation of B’s claims
and was testifying solely as an expert on grooming. Finally,
the state treated Fairall’s testimony as authoritative. In closing, the prosecutor referred back to the “process” described
by Fairall and argued that defendant had groomed B in various ways.
Cite as 

 (2021)                                777

         Taken together, those considerations lead us to
conclude that, like the testimony in Plueard, Fairall’s testimony had a “scientific air,” implied to the jury that it was
“grounded in science,” and likely would have been viewed
that way by the jury. Plueard, 

. As in
Henley, although the prosecution did not highlight the scientific nature of the evidence, it “would likely be perceived by
the jury as imbued with the persuasive appeal of science.”
Henley, 

.

         This case is closer than Henley or Plueard in one
respect, which is that Fairall is a police detective, like the
witness in Evensen, whereas Henley and Plueard involved a
forensic interviewer and a social worker, respectively, both
with master’s degrees in social work. It may be true, as the
state suggests, that a jury is more likely to infer the imprimatur of science when someone with a master’s degree in
social work describes the concept of grooming. However, it
does not follow that a jury will view the testimony of a police
detective with significant training about child sexual abuse
as nonscientific. Forensic interviewers, social workers, and
police detectives all work in the field—they are not academics (or at least not in Henley, Plueard, or this case)—and,
as such, typically have both training and experience. When
testifying on an issue such as grooming, a social worker
may testify to knowledge gained from training, experience,
or both. The same is true of a police detective. Whether a
particular witness’s testimony qualifies as “scientific” for
purposes of OEC 702 will depend on the individual case,
and, although a witness’s educational degrees are certainly
relevant, they are not dispositive.

         In the end, this case is simply too close to Plueard to
be distinguishable. We therefore conclude that Fairall’s testimony was scientific in nature and that the trial court erred
in ruling otherwise. Without the benefit of Henley, Plueard, or
Evensen—all of which were decided after defendant’s trial—
the trial court relied too heavily on a formal distinction
between testifying “as a police officer” and testifying “as a
psychologist.” Although Fairall testified as a police officer, his
testimony was still scientific in nature for purposes of OEC
702.
778                                             State v. Etzel

         The next question is whether the error was harmless. “We do not reverse if there is little likelihood that an
evidentiary error affected the verdict.” Plueard, 

. To assess harmlessness, “we consider all pertinent
parts of the record.” State v. Eatinger, 

, 632,

 (2019). Here, we cannot say that the error was
harmless. Again, the case is simply too close to Plueard.
If anything, the error was more clearly not harmless in
this case than in Plueard, because, in this case, there was
extensive evidence of defendant engaging in conduct that
fit the witness’s description of potential “grooming” behavior. Fairall’s testimony provided an alternative, sinister lens
through which to view 10 years of otherwise seemingly kind
behavior by defendant. Its scientific air also distinguished
it from other evidence, such that we reject the state’s argument that it was essentially cumulative or otherwise harmless given other evidence. On this record, we cannot say
there is little likelihood that the error affected the verdict.
         We therefore remand to the trial court for further
proceedings under OEC 702. Although defendant asks us to
order a new trial, we see no reason for a different disposition
than those in Henley and Plueard, wherein the remand was
left open such that the trial court had the option of holding
a Brown/O’Key hearing to determine whether there was a
valid scientific foundation for the witness’s testimony about
grooming.
D. Fairall’s Qualifications to Testify (OEC 702)
         Defendant also challenges the admission of Fairall’s
testimony on the basis that Fairall was not qualified to testify about grooming. To testify to scientific knowledge, a
witness must be qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education. OEC 702. The court must
assess the witness’s particular qualifications on an individual level, and we are not to assume that a given witness is
disqualified due to lacking a particular educational or professional degree. State v. Rogers, 

, 

(2000). To be an expert, the witness must have the necessary
skill and knowledge to arrive at an intelligent conclusion
about the subject matter at issue. Burton v. Rogue Valley
Medical Center, 

, 

, rev den,
Cite as 

 (2021)                                               779

 (1993). We review qualification determinations for
errors of law. Rogers, 

.
         Defendant summarily asserts that Fairall’s training and work experience “is insufficient to qualify him as an
expert in grooming.” We are unpersuaded and agree with
the state that, given his training and experience, Fairall
was sufficiently qualified to testify about the general concept
of grooming. Cf. Hansen, 

 (holding that
trial court did not err in deeming a police detective qualified
to testify about grooming, where he had been involved in
350 to 400 child sex abuse investigations and had 300 hours
of specialized training).
E.    Unfair Prejudice (OEC 403)
         Defendant’s final challenge to the admission of
Fairall’s testimony is based on OEC 403. Under OEC 403,
relevant evidence is to be excluded if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
It is unfair prejudice when “the preferences of the trier of
fact are affected by reasons essentially unrelated to the persuasive power of the evidence to establish the fact of consequence.” O’Key, 

. Defendant contends that
Fairall’s testimony created such a great danger of unfair
prejudice that the trial court erred by allowing it.
         When the trial court conducted its OEC 403 balancing, it was operating from the mistaken premise that
Fairall’s testimony was nonscientific in nature. Given the
principles underpinning OEC 702, that mistake may have
affected the court’s OEC 403 balancing. Rather than review
the existing OEC 403 ruling, we therefore instruct the trial
court to reapply OEC 403 on remand, with a correct understanding of the scientific nature of Fairall’s testimony, in the
event that it does not order a new trial under OEC 702.3
           Reversed and remanded.

    3
      We note that, because this case is before us for the first time, we are not
subject to the same constraints that we are in State v. Henley, 

,

 (2021), another case decided today. In Henley, on a second appeal
after remand, we decline to revisit an OEC 403 issue that we resolved in the first
appeal, that the Supreme Court did not review, and that the trial court reasonably understood to be outside the scope of the remand proceeding. 

.