J-A09027-24
2024 PA Super 85
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DAQUAN LAMONT THOMPSON :
:
Appellant : No. 1432 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 3, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-02-CR-0013629-2018
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and NICHOLS, J.
OPINION BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED: April 25, 2024
Daquan Lamont Thompson appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered after he was convicted of homicide by vehicle while driving under the
influence and other crimes.1 He challenges the prosecution’s use of evidence
from the event data recorders (EDRs) in the cars in the crash. We affirm.
On October 28, 2017, Thompson was in a deadly car crash on Shady
Avenue in Pittsburgh. The driver of the other car was John Barsom. Initially,
Thompson denied that he had been driving. After investigation, however,
Thompson was charged, and the case proceeded to a non-jury trial. Relevant
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1 75 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3735(a), 3732(a) (homicide by vehicle), 3735.1(a)
(aggravated assault by vehicle while driving under the influence, 3 counts),
3732.1(a) (aggravated assault by vehicle, 3 counts), 3742.1(a) (accidents
involving death or personal injury while not properly licensed), 3802(c)
(driving under the influence (DUI), highest rate of alcohol), 3802(a)(1) (DUI,
general impairment), 3736(a) (reckless driving), 1501(a) (driving without a
license), and 3361 (driving at safe speed).
J-A09027-24
to this appeal, the Commonwealth presented City of Pittsburgh Police Officer
Ronald Wolfe. Officer Wolfe responded to the scene of the crash and testified
as an expert in accident or crash reconstruction. Over Thompson’s objection,
Officer Wolfe described his extraction and use of EDR data from Thompson
and Barsom’s cars. As the trial court explained:
Officer Wolfe inventoried the damage and performed a mechanical
inspection of both vehicles and found no mechanical issues. From
this, he concluded that neither car had any mechanically
contributing factors related to the Oct. 28, 2017 crash.
Additionally, [both] cars were equipped with [EDRs]. As explained
by Officer Wolfe, an EDR is installed by the manufacturer and is
activated when the car is turned on which triggers it to make
continuous five second recording loops of information received
from the vehicle, such as, but not limited to wheel speed,
transmission speed, and engine rpms. This information is used
[for the vehicle] to determine the need for deployment of seat belt
[pretensioners], and/or frontal, side, or curtain airbags. This
triggering/deployment event also changes the recording feature
of the device, such that it does not overwrite the information, but
locks it into the system [after] which it cannot be altered.
In this case, the EDR device and data were successfully
retrieved from [the] respective cars. [Generally, t]his data
help[ed] form Officer Wolfe’s overall opinion regarding the nature
of [the] accident, but he [did] not rely on [EDR data] blindly,
explaining that he compares the data with physical observations
and examination of the accident scene to assure there is
correlation. In this case the EDR data from Barsom’s vehicle
revealed that he was wearing a seatbelt and traveling 33 mph five
seconds prior to the impact. The vehicle was neither accelerating
nor decelerating immediately prior to the brakes being engaged
and the data was consistent with a frontal impact observed. The
EDR data from [Thompson’s] vehicle recorded both a nondeployment and a deployment event 2/10 of a second apart,
which indicates that both events occurred during the same
incident. Relating this back to the accident scene, it indicates that
after [Thompson’s] vehicle struck Barsom’s vehicle (the
deployment event), it then struck a parked vehicle (the nondeployment event) before coming to rest against the telephone
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pole in the yard of 1215 Shady Ave. Five seconds prior to the
crash[, Thompson’s] vehicle was traveling 60 mph and 2 seconds
before impact the speed had reduced to 47 mph and the brakes
were never engaged. The EDR data revealed that neither front
seat occupant [in Thompson’s car] was wearing a seatbelt which
was consistent with the physical evidence.
Trial Court Opinion, 4/5/23, at 7–8 (record citations omitted, paragraph break
and parentheses added). From his analysis, Officer Wolfe concluded that
Thompson caused the crash, which killed one passenger and injured the other
three occupants of Barsom’s vehicle. The trial court found Thompson guilty
of the above crimes.
On November 3, 2022, the trial court sentenced Thompson to an
aggregate term of 5½ to 11 years of confinement. Thompson timely appealed
on December 5, 2022.2 Thompson complied with Pennsylvania Rule of
Appellate Procedure 1925(b). The trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion in
support of its order on April 5, 2023.
Thompson presents one issue for review:
Did the trial court err by admitting the evidence about information
from the event data recorder (EDR) in this matter because there
was no evidence presented that the EDR was accurate and
because Mr. Thompson was unable to cross-examine the device,
in violation of Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004),
Melendez–Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009), and
Commonwealth v. [Barton–Martin], 5 A.3d 363 (Pa. Super.
2010)?
Thompson’s Brief at 6.
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2 Thompson’s notice of appeal, filed the Monday after Saturday, December 3,
2022, was timely. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908, Pa.R.A.P. 107.
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This Court reviews a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of
discretion. Commonwealth v. Lang, 275 A.3d 1072, 1077–78 (Pa. Super.
2022). We review legal questions—such as whether the admission of evidence
violates the Confrontation Clause—under a de novo standard. See
Commonwealth v. Weeden,
304 A.3d 333, 339 n.11 (Pa. 2023).
The United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions protect the right of
each criminal defendant “to be confronted with the witnesses against him.”
U.S. Const. amend. VI; Pa. Const. Art. I § 9.3 The Supreme Court explained
the focus of the Confrontation Clause:
It applies to “witnesses” against the accused—in other words,
those who “bear testimony.” “Testimony,” in turn, is typically “[a]
solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of
establishing or proving some fact.”
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51 (dictionary citations omitted). The Crawford Court
held that the Confrontation Clause prohibits admission of “testimonial”
hearsay unless the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the
witness who made the statement (and the witness is unavailable at trial).
Id.
at 68–69.
The Supreme Court clarified that a statement is “testimonial” if it is the
“functional equivalent” of ex parte in-court testimony, “formalized testimonial
materials,” or made under circumstances that would lead an objective witness
to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial. Id.
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3 Thompson does not argue that the Pennsylvania provision provides greater
protections than its federal counterpart. See Commonwealth v. Edmunds,
586 A.2d 887, 895 (Pa. 1991).
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at 51–52. In making the latter determination, we can consider a statute
providing that the statement is to be used for an evidentiary purpose. See
Melendez–Diaz, 557 U.S. at 310. Likewise, statements given to police are
testimonial if there is no ongoing emergency and the primary purpose of police
questioning “is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later
criminal prosecution.” Davis v. Washington,
547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006).
Statements in reports may be testimonial depending on their purpose.
For example, in a DUI prosecution, a toxicology report that identifies the
alcohol content of the defendant’s blood is testimonial. Commonwealth v.
Yohe, 79 A.3d 520, 554–55 (Pa. 2013). It violates the Confrontation Clause
to admit a toxicology report with the testimony of the custodian of records but
not the laboratory technician who performed the test. Barton–Martin,
5
A.3d at 368. Similarly, an autopsy report—designed to determine whether a
death occurred as a result of a criminal act, written in consultation with the
district attorney—is testimonial. Commonwealth v. Brown,
185 A.3d 316,
329 (Pa. 2018).
By contrast, statements in reports are not testimonial if their purpose is
not to prove an element of a crime. Thus, certificates of calibration and
accuracy for a breath alcohol-testing device are not testimonial.
Commonwealth v. Dyarman, 73 A.3d 565, 569 (Pa. 2013). Those
certificates do not establish any element of DUI and are “not prepared for the
primary purpose of providing evidence in a criminal case.”
Id. Likewise, a
summary added to a gunshot detection system report is not testimonial
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because its primary purpose is to help police respond to an emergency, not to
serve as proof at trial. Weeden, 304 A.3d at 352–53.
Here, Thompson argues that the EDRs provided testimonial data. He
quotes the applicable federal regulation and claims that EDR reports are made
for the purpose of litigation:
The purpose of this part is to help ensure that EDRs record, in a
readily usable manner, data valuable for effective crash
investigations and for analysis of safety equipment performance
(e.g., advanced restraint systems). These data will help provide
a better understanding of the circumstances in which crashes and
injuries occur and will lead to safer vehicle designs.
49 C.F.R. § 563.2.
Thompson protests that the Commonwealth presented no witness to
explain how an EDR functioned or was calibrated or tested. Because he could
not cross-examine anyone who could explain how the EDR evidence was
created, Thompson contends that the admission of EDR data in this case
violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause.
We conclude that the EDR reports here are not testimonial statements,
because of the data they contained and because of the nature of an EDR itself.
First, the reports are not the functional equivalent of in-court testimony. The
product of an EDR is nothing like a “solemn declaration or affirmation made
for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at
51. Second, EDR reports are a product of real-time processes that a vehicle
uses to control its airbag and seatbelt systems. Like a statement to police
about an “ongoing emergency,” EDR information is used primarily for a more
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immediate purpose than preparing for future litigation. Davis, 547 U.S. at
822; Weeden, 304 A.3d at 352–53. Third, the facts that EDR data can
establish are distinct from elements of a crime.4 The data from an EDR, like
wheel speed, transmission speed, and engine rotations per minute, would
require significant analysis and inference to prove an element of any offense
here. This stands in contrast to a toxicology report that states the alcohol
content of the blood of a DUI defendant, Yohe, 79 A.3d at 554–55, or an
autopsy report that concludes a victim died from homicide, Brown,
185 A.3d
at 329. These factors all point in the same direction: statements in an EDR
report are not testimonial.
More fundamentally, however, EDR data cannot be testimonial because
an EDR cannot be a “witness” within the meaning of the Confrontation Clause.
Testimonial hearsay is admissible if the witness who made the statement is
unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the
witness. See Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68–69. But one cannot cross-examine
a machine. Commonwealth v. Wallace, 289 A.3d 894, 907 (Pa. 2023).
Like other courts to consider this issue, we read the Confrontation Clause to
apply to “statements of human witnesses” and not data from a machine like
an EDR. State v. Ziegler,
855 N.W.2d 551, 556 (Minn. Ct. App. 2014).
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4 The notable exception is speeding. As the parties have not briefed whether
EDR data can provide sufficient evidence under Pennsylvania law on proof of
speeding, we express no opinion on this separate, statutory issue. See 75
Pa.C.S.A. § 3368 (Speed timing devices).
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As applied, we find no violation of the Confrontation Clause. Officer
Wolfe testified to his use of EDR data. He was not merely a custodian of the
records that he extracted but also the person who analyzed the data to reach
a conclusion. See Barton–Martin, 5 A.3d at 368. Officer Wolfe was available
for cross-examination about the EDR data, and Thompson cross-examined
Officer Wolfe. Therefore, the Commonwealth did not violate Thompson’s
confrontation rights, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
accepting evidence of EDR data in this case.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
4/25/2024
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