Felton v. Polles’s Empirical Analysis
315 F.3d 470 · 2002
Citation profile
24 federal appellate · 5 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 107 later decisions — most recently August 2023 · most notably Pegram v. Honeywell, Inc. (2004), Tarver v. City of Edna (2005)
24 federal appellate · 5 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 701 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Anderson v. Creighton · Mitchell v. Forsyth · Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. · Faragher v. City of Boca Raton · National Railroad Passenger Corporation v. Morgan
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 107 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The inquiry into reasonableness asks whether the contours of the right are sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates the right. If reasonable public officials could differ as to whether the defendants’ actions were lawful, the defendants are entitled to immunity. Even if a defendant’s conduct actually violates a plaintiffs constitutional rights, the defendant is entitled to qualified immunity if the conduct was objectively reasonable.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“(1) he belongs to a protected class; (2) he was subject to unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment was based on race; and (4) the harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of employment.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Jett repeatedly phrases its holding with respect to “state actors” — not simply governmental entities. See, e.g., 491 U.S. at 731 , 109 S.Ct. 2702 , 105 L.Ed.2d 598 (“We think the history of the 1866 Act [ (precursor to § 1981) ] and the 1871 Act [ (precursor to § 1983) ] ... indicates that Congress intended that the explicit remedial provisions of § 1983 be controlling in the context of damages actions brought against state actors alleging violation of the rights declared in § 1981.” (emphasis added)); id. at 733, 491 U.S. 701 , 109 S.Ct. 2702 , 105 L.Ed.2d 598 (“Section 1983 provides an explicit remedy in damages which, with its limitations on municipal liability, Congress thought suitable to carry ... into effect the rights guaranteed by § 1981 as against state actors.” (internal quotation marks omitted; ellipsis in original; emphasis added)); id. at 734, 491 U.S. 701 , 109 S.Ct. 2702 , 105 L.Ed.2d 598 (“The historical evidence surrounding the revision of 1874 [ (amending what became § 1983) ] further indicates that Congress thought that the declaration of rights in § 1981 would be enforced against state actors through the remedial provisions of § 1983.” (emphasis added)); but see id. at 733, 491 U.S. 701 , 109 S.Ct. 2702 , 105 L.Ed.2d 598 (discussing Court’s “conclusion that the express cause of action for damages created by § 1983 constitutes the exclusive federal remedy for violation of the rights guaranteed in § 1981 by state governmental units” (emphasis added)) .... ”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.