United States v. International Longshoremen's Ass'n’s Empirical Analysis
1970
Citation profile
10 federal appellate · 4 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 22 later decisions — most recently February 2002
10 federal appellate · 4 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 703 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 706 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. · Cooper v. Aaron · Pennsylvania v. Nelson · Local 189 v. United States · 279 F. Supp. 505 - Quarles v. Philip Morris, Incorporated
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 22 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a labor organization- (2) to limit, segregate, or classify its membership, or to classify or fail or refuse to refer for employment any individual, in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities, or would limit such employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee or as an applicant for employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. . . .”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“. . . In deciding upon appropriate injunctive relief here, this Court is faced with a balancing process On the one hand, the Court must consider the effects of the many years of racial segregation of the members of Locals 829 and 858, insofar as such practice has or may have tended to deprive individual union members of employment opportunities. Against these considerations must be weighed the effects that a decree reorganizing longshoring operations might have on the entire industry in the Port of Baltimore. Far-reaching relief which would adversely affect productivity and efficiency to such an extent as to discourage the use of the Port by shipping interests would reduce the availability of the very employment which is sought to be protected. What is required here is a decree which would eliminate, as far as possible, past discriminatory practices and yet would have a minimal adverse effect on normal and efficient longshoring operations in the Port.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. 4 Fair empl.prac.cas. 719, 4 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 7790 United States of America v. International Longshoremen's Association, an Unincorporated Association, Atlantic Coast District, International Longshoremen's Association, an Unincorporated Association, Locals 829 and 858, I. L. A., Baltimore, Maryland, Unincorporated Associations, United States of America v. International Longshoremen's Association, an Unincorporated Association, Atlantic Coast District, International Longshoremen's Association, an Unincorporated Association, Locals 829 and 858, I. L. A., Baltimore, Maryland, Unincorporated Associations · United States v. International Longshoremen's Ass'n“To hold that the gang system should not be discontinued is not to imply that in the future it should operate in all respects as it has in the past. On the contrary, important modifications are necessary if the present system is to operate in such a way that members of the merged local will not be denied equal employment opportunities. The decree in this case should require the defendants to take affirmative action to insure that the continued operation of the gang system does not deprive any such member of employment opportunities or limit such opportunities.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. 4 Fair empl.prac.cas. 719, 4 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 7790 United States of America v. International Longshoremen's Association, an Unincorporated Association, Atlantic Coast District, International Longshoremen's Association, an Unincorporated Association, Locals 829 and 858, I. L. A., Baltimore, Maryland, Unincorporated Associations, United States of America v. International Longshoremen's Association, an Unincorporated Association, Atlantic Coast District, International Longshoremen's Association, an Unincorporated Association, Locals 829 and 858, I. L. A., Baltimore, Maryland, Unincorporated Associations · United States v. International Longshoremen's Ass'n
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.