¶1In trials according to the course of the common law the defexxse is-usually coxxfined to acts and facts immediately connected with the subject matter of the plaintiff’s demand. A distinct cause of action ixx favor of the *141defendant requires a separate suit in his own name. The propriety of this practice is obvious. It tends to prevent surprise to. the plaintiff and to avoid the confusion and embarrassment of trying at the same time, and before the same jury, different issues, depending upon different pleadings and evidence and legal principles, and pei’haps requiring separate verdicts. Yet it has been found expedient to incur this inconvenience in particular cases for the purpose of promoting justice and preventing circuity of action.
¶2The right of set-off exists only by statute. It was given in England by the act of 2 Geo. 2, ch. 22, § 13. This provides “ that when there are mutual debts between the plaintiff and defendant, or if either party sue .or are sued as executors or administrators when there are mutual debts between the testator or intestate and the other party, one debt may be set off against the other, and such matter given in evidence on the general issue or pleaded in bar ; but if intended to be given in evidence* on the general issue, notice must be given of the par. ticular sum intended to be set off, and on what account it has become due.” Our statute was first passed in the year 1818. Its terms have been somewhat varied at the subsequent revisions, but so far as the present question is concerned, the language and conditions have remained the same. And in these respects it is nearly identical with the English statute. In the case of Palmer v. Green, 6 Conn., 19, Chief Justice Hosmer says:—“ By the statute on this subject, the right of set-off is limited to mutual debts between the plaintiff. and defendant, and the same law exists in England.”
¶3Enactments with similar phraseology have been introduced throughout the states of the Union; and wherever the question now before the court has arisen, either in this country or England, it is believed that, with a single exception, the decisions have been uniform, that a debt to be the subject of set-off must have been due at the commencement of the action. Such has ever been the understanding of the courts and the profession in-this state; and in the case of French v. Ives, 28 Conn., 115, a principal reason given for reversing the judgment, which had allowed a set-off, was that.the greater, part of the debt set off *142had accrued since the commencement of the action. The decisions elsewhere are very numerous, and a few only will be cited. 1 Chitty Pl., 572; 2 Parsons on Prom. Notes, 607; Eland v. Karr, 1 East, 376; Braithwaite v. Coleman, 4 Nev. & Man., 654; Edwards v. Delaplaine, 2 Harring., 322; Varney v. Brewster, 14 N. Hamp., 49; Houghton v. Houghton, 37 Maine, 72; Carpenter v. Butterfield, 3 Johns. Cas., 145. The exception referred to is a case in Maryland, (Clarke v. Magruder, 2 Har. & Johns., 77,) which occurred many years ago, and which hardly disturbs the current of authorities.
¶4Much stress has been laid upon a clause of the statute (Civil Actions, sec. 92,) which says, that “ if it shall appear upon the trial that the plaintiff is indebted to the defendant the court shall give judgment for the defendant,”- &c. But this manifestly refers, not to the date at which the indebtedness as between the parties may have accrued, but to the time when it is ascertained and adjusted. And it can not be intended to impair the principle which, with a few exceptions, Jsuch as release, payment, accord, and some others, is a general one, that the rights of the parties are to be examined and settled on the trial as they stood at the bringing of the suit.
¶5We advise that the set-off be not allowed.
¶6In this opinion the other judges concurred.