Willingham v. Loughnan’s Empirical Analysis
321 F.3d 1299 · 2003
Citation profile
18 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 42 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently September 2023 · most notably Crawford v. Carroll (2008), Mercado v. City of Orlando (2005)
18 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
Relationships
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Graham v. Connor · Bell v. Wolfish · Duncan v. Walker
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 42 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“Plaintiff was a suspect in the burglary of a golf shop. Approximately $20 of snacks and crackers were stolen. When the police discovered Plaintiff, he submitted immediately to the police. When ordered by Defendant Wheeler to get down on the ground, Plaintiff complied. There was no confusion. Plaintiff did not pose a threat of bodily harm to the officers or to anyone else. And, he was not attempting to flee or to resist arrest. On Plaintiffs version of the facts, which we must accept, Defendant Wheeler ordered and allowed his dog to attack and bite Plaintiff; threatened to kill Plaintiff when Plaintiff kicked the dog in an effort to resist the unprovoked attack; and let the dog attack Plaintiff for at least two minutes.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage“In many-if not most-instances, the apparency of an unlawful action will be established by (if it can be established at all) preexisting case law which is sufficiently similar in facts to the facts confronting an [official], such that we can say every objectively reasonable [official] would have been on 'fair notice' that the behavior violated a constitutional right.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.