United States v. White’s Empirical Analysis
322 U.S. 694 · 1944
Citation profile
692 federal appellate · 156 district · 313 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,837 later decisions (94 by the Supreme Court) — most recently August 2025 · most notably Rakas v. Illinois (1979), Hoffman v. United States (1951)
692 federal appellate · 156 district · 313 state decisions — followed in 38 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Appellate journey
reviewedUnited States v. White (from Third Circuit Court of Appeals)
Relationships
Applies 29 U.S.C. § 101 (Norris-LaGuardia Act) · 29 U.S.C. § 151 (§ 1 of the National Labor Relations Act) · 45 U.S.C. § 151 (Railway Labor Act)
Relies on Boyd v. United States · Edwin Hale v. William Henkel · Wilson v. United States · United Mine Workers of America v. Coronado Coal Co
Cited together with Wilson v. United States · Edwin Hale v. William Henkel · Bellis v. United States · Boyd v. United States · Fisher v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,837 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“as a bulwark against iniquitous methods of prosecution.”
60 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The test, rather, is whether one can fairly say under all the circumstances that a particular type of organization has a character so impersonal in the scope of its membership and activities that it cannot be said to embody or represent the purely private or personal interests of its constituents, but rather to embody their common or group interests only.”
20 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“'limited to its historic function of protecting only the natural individual from compulsory incrimination.'”
17 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.