Swallow v. United States

¶4PER CURIAM.

¶5Appellant, Swallow, was convicted of income tax law violations, and his conviction was affirmed on appeal. Swallow v. United States, 10 Cir., 307 F.2d 81, cert. denied 371 U.S. 950, 83 S.Ct. 504, 9 L.Ed.2d 499, reh. denied 372 U.S. 925, 83 S.Ct. 718, 9 L.Ed.2d 731. By motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, he alleges that the statutes under which he was convicted are unconstitutional and the sentence therefore void. It is asserted in the motion that the income tax laws and regulations are so complex that it is impossible for a taxpayer to comprehend and comply with them, and, therefore, violate the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States; that such laws, when considered as a whole, are unconstitutionally arbitrary, unfair and discriminatory; that the tax proceeds are used for unconstitutional purposes such as the economic welfare of certain groups of taxpayers, foreign people and foreign governments; and, finally, it is alleged that certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code violate the establishment of religion clause · Case Law">establishment of religion clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. Swallow appeals from an order denying the motion.

¶6The income tax provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and the regula*98tions promulgated thereunder are complex and often difficult of understanding, but we have found no authority which suggests that statutes are unconstitutional for this reason or that the rates constitute a taking of property within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment. It is now well settled that the income tax laws are not unconstitutional under the due process clause of the Fifth. Amendment, nor are they unconstitutionally defective because of discriminatory progressive tax rates. Brushaber v. Union Pacific R. Co., 240 U.S. I,136 S.Ct. 236, 60 L.Ed. 493; Knowlton v. Moore, 178 U.S. 41, 20 S.Ct. 747, 44 L.Ed. 969; Acker v. Commissioner, 6 Cir., 258 F.2d 568, aff’d 361 U.S. 87, 80 S.Ct. 144, 4 L.Ed.2d 127.

¶7 There is no merit to the contentions that the income tax laws are unconstitutional because the tax proceeds are used to promote the economic welfare of another group of taxpayers or foreign governments and their people. A federal court will not review the foreign policy of the government or the wisdom of the congressional appropriations for welfare purposes. This is an area exclusively within the jurisdiction of the legislative and executive branches, even when the allegation is made that income tax monies are being used to carry on an aggressive war. Farmer v. Rountree, D.C.Tenn., 149 F.Supp. 327, aff’d 6 Cir., 252 F.2d 490, cert. denied 357 U.S. 906, 78 S.Ct. 1150, 2 L.Ed.2d 1156, reh. denied 358 U.S. 858, 79 S.Ct. 14, 3 L.Ed.2d 92. Cf. Frothingham v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447, 43 S.Ct. 597, 67 L.Ed. 1078. In Whetstone v. United States, N.D.Ill., 82 F.Supp. 478, 479, cert. denied 337 U.S. 941, 69 S.Ct. 1519, 93 L.Ed. 1746, reh. denied 338 U.S. 840, 70 S.Ct. 36, 94 L.Ed. 514, the court said:

“Congress alone has the power to appropriate money to promote the general welfare and its determination that certain projects are in furtherance of general welfare is decisive. Courts are not concerned with the wisdom of legislative policies, their only function being to interpret the statutes so as to promote and effectuate the disclosed intent of Congress.”

¶8 Nor is there any substance to appellant’s contention that exemptions and deductions allowable for charitable and religious purposes contravene the establishment of religion clause of the First Amendment. Abraham J. Muste v. Commissioner, 35 T.C. 913. Constitutional questions will not be decided upon hypothetical sets of facts. Crane-Johnson Co. v. C. I. R., 8 Cir., 105 F.2d 740, aff’d 311 U.S. 54, 61 S.Ct. 114, 85 L.Ed. 35. Moreover, appellant has not shown how his rights could be affected if these activities were held to be unlawful.

¶9Affirmed.