International Shoe Co. v. Washington’s Empirical Analysis
326 U.S. 310 · 1945
Citation profile
3,872 federal appellate · 5,176 district · 10,899 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 31,881 later decisions (158 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2026 · most notably Burger King Corporation v. Rudzewicz (1985), World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson (1980)
3,872 federal appellate · 5,176 district · 10,899 state decisions — followed in 49 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Milliken v. Meyer · Pennoyer v. Neff · Betts v. Brady · Carmichael v. Southern Coal & Coke Co.
Cited together with Hanson v. Denckla · McGee v. International Life Insurance · World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson · Burger King Corporation v. Rudzewicz · Perkins v. Benguet Consolidated Mining Co.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 31,881 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.”
1,738 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“* * * The activities which establish its `presence' subject it alike to taxation by the state and to suit to recover the tax.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“is enough that [the foreign corporation] has established such contacts with the state that the particular form of substituted service adopted * * * gives reasonable assurance that the notice will be actual.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How later courts have treated this case
Across 78 classified citations — whether each later court relied on, limited, or rejected this decision:
- 32explained
- 27followed
- 19cited without characterization
Treatment is classified from each citing court's own sentence. This is a running sample — coverage grows as the classification pass proceeds; overrulings are also tracked authoritatively in the case status.