Grazier ex rel. White v. City of Philadelphia’s Empirical Analysis
328 F.3d 120 · 2003
Citation profile
13 federal appellate · 7 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 63 later decisions — most recently September 2020 · most notably Hill v. Borough of Kutztown (2006), Reynolds v. Giuliani (2007)
13 federal appellate · 7 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · United States v. Olano · Graham v. Connor · City of Canton v. Harris · Board of the County Commissioners of Bryan County v. Brown
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 63 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“In Fagan , we observed.that a municipality could remain liable, even though its employees are not, where the City’s action itself is independently alleged as a violation and the officer is merely the conduit for causing constitutional harm. We were concerned in Fagan that, where the standard for liability is whether state action “shocks the conscience,” a city could escape liability for deliberately malicious conduct by carrying out its misdeeds through officers who do not recognize that their orders are unconstitutional and whose actions therefore do not shock the conscience. Here, however, like Heller and unlike Fagan , the question is whether the City is liable for causing its officers to commit constitutional violations, albeit no one contends that the City directly ordered the constitutional violations. Therefore, once the jury found that [the officers] did not cause any constitutional harm, it no longer makes sense to ask whether the City caused them to do it. Additionally, recognizing that Heller had addressed a closely related issue, we carefully confined Fagan to its facts: a substantive due process claim resulting from a police pursuit. By contrast, both this case and Heller involve primarily a Fourth Amendment excessive force claim.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“may be held liable if its policy actually causes injury.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.